词汇短语园地（四）

1. contain vt. 包含；包括；装有；容纳

The book contains twenty pictures.

这本书含有20幅图。

The classroom can contain 60 people.

这个教室可容纳60人。

比较：contain和include的区别

（1） contain侧重所含的量与成分。

The basket contains a variety of fruits.

这篮子里装有各种水果。

This drink doesnt contain any alcohol.

这种饮料不含任何酒精。

（2） include侧重于对比整体与部分，指某整体包含或容纳某部分。

The money I gave you included Xiao Zhangs.

我给你的钱里包括了给小张的钱。

This dictionary is 100 yuan， postage included.

这本词典连邮费共一百元。

（3） include常以including（名词或代词前）或included（名词或代词后）的形式出现在短语中，用来举例、解释或补充说明。

There are ten of us here， including three girls.

= There are ten of us here， three girls included.

Everybody has something to say， me included.

= Everybody has something to say， including me.

2. design vt. & n. 设计

The experiment is designed to test the new medicine.

实验的目的是试验新药。

Who designed the Water Cube？

谁设计了水立方？

This building is a bad design.

这栋楼是一个失败的设计。

design for 为……设计

be designed for/to do 专为……而做（设置）

by design 故意地；有意地

3. create vt. 创造；发明

An artist should create beautiful things.

一个艺术家应该创造美丽的东西。

The government plans to create more jobs for young people.

政府計划为年轻人创造更多的就业机会。

比较：discover，create，invent，find的区别

discover指发现，发现的事物是本来存在但没人知道的；create指创造，创造新的事物；invent指发明，通过研究制造出从前没有的东西；find指找到，发现，强调找到某物的结果，不强调过程。

4. shorten vt. 缩短

The days shorten in November in this country.

在这个国家，白天在十一月会变短。

The teacher told me to shorten my report to one page.

老师让我把报告缩短为一页。

5. breakdown n. 故障；失败；（身体）垮掉

I dont know how to deal with the network breakdown.

我不知道如何处理网络故障。

He couldnt work after his breakdown.

他病倒以后，就不能工作了。

break down 出故障；坏掉；失败；垮掉；把……分类；划分；分解

The machine has broken down.

这台机器出故障了。

Our car broke down on the motorway.

我们的汽车在高速公路上抛锚了。

Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.

双方谈判失败了。

Each lesson is broken down into several units.

每一课都分成几部分。

Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach.

糖和淀粉在胃里被分解。

6. disadvantage n. 不利因素；障碍；不便之处

There are disadvantages to the plan.

这个计划有诸多不利因素。

What is the disadvantage of using water power？

使用水能有何弊端？

常用搭配：to ones disadvantage 对某人不利

7. defence n. 保护；防御；保卫

defence后接入侵者或造成危害者用against；若其后接被保护者用of。

A thick coat is a good defence against the cold.

一件厚衣服足可以御寒。

People used to build strong walls round their towns as a defence against enemies.

人们从前在城镇四周修筑城墙来抵御敌人。

This fort was once the main defence of the island.

这座堡垒曾经是这个岛上的主要防御设施。

常用搭配：in defence of 保卫……；为……辩护

They fought in defence of their country.

他们为保卫祖国而战。

Hundreds of people gave their lives in defence of freedom.

千百人为了自由献出了自己的生命。

8. average adj. 平均的；一般的；普通的

（1） average表示“平均的”，通常只能放在名词前作定语，不用作表语，且没有比较级。

What was the average temperature yesterday？

昨天的平均气温是多少？

The average age of boys in this class is 15.

这个班男生的平均年龄为15岁。

（2） average表示“一般的；普通的”，可用作定语，也可用作表语。

He is just an average student.

他只是一个普通的学生。

There was nothing special about the film—it was only average.

这部电影没什么特别的，只是一部普通的电影。

average n. 平均

above/below average 平均水平以上 / 以下

on （an/the） average 平均而言；根据平均标准

the average of ……的平均数

an average of （跟数词）平均有

注意：“the average of...”作主语，谓语动词用单数，意为“……的平均数”；“an average of + 复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数。

9. independent adj. 独立的；有主见的；分开的

Mozambique became independent in 1975.

莫桑比克于1975年独立。

My elder sister has moved away from home and is now

independent.

我姐姐已经搬出去住了，现在她独立了。

常用搭配：independent of sb/sth 不相关的；不受影响的

I am old enough to be independent of my parents.

我年纪足够大了，可以不依赖父母了。

10. consist of 由……组成

consist of常用整体作主语，表示“整体由部分组成”，引申为“包含有”，不能用于被动语态。

This necklace consists of gold and diamond.

这条项链由黄金和钻石组成。

The city consists of five districts.

这个城市有五个区。

11. as well 也

as well多用于口语中，语气较轻。通常用于肯定句或疑问句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。

Ill come to London， and my sister will come as well.

我会来伦敦，我的妹妹也会来。

Are they coming as well？

他们也来吗？

12. concentrate on 聚精会神；集中思想

其后可直接接名词或动词-ing形式。

I cant concentrate on my studies.

我无法集中精神学习。

Right now we should concentrate on doing some things for our plan.

現在我们应该集中精力为我们的计划做些事。

13. compared with 与……相比

Compared with our small apartment， our uncles house seemed like a palace.

跟我们的小公寓比起来，叔叔的房子就像宫殿。

How does life in Britain compared with life in the States？

与美国的生活相比，英国的生活如何？

短语：compare...to... 把……比作……

compare...with... 把……和……做比较

14. become/be known as 作为……而出名；叫作……；

被称为……

She was known as an excellent dancer.

她作为一名优秀的舞蹈家而闻名。

These chocolate bars are known as something else in the US.

这种巧克力棒在美国有别的叫法。

（1） be known for 因……而众所周知

He was known for his frankness.

他以坦率著称。

（2） be known to 为……所知

Hes known to the police because of his previous criminal record.

他因以前的犯罪记录而为警察所知。

15. go down 倒下；（船等）下沉，沉没，下降；

（将食物、饮料）吞下，咽下，喝下；（物价等）

下跌；（温度等）下降；（日、月）落到地平线

下，落下

She stripped and went down with a bump.

她绊了一下，重重地倒在地上。

The ship went down with all on board.

这条船连船带人都沉没了。

A glass of wine would go down very nicely.

能喝一杯葡萄酒就太痛快了。

The price of eggs is going down.

蛋价正在下降。

The color of the sky deepened as the sun went down.

夕阳西下，天空的颜色渐趋深暗。

16. come up with 提出；赶上

We werent able to come up with any new suggestions.

我们提不出任何新建议。

We came up with a group of tourists.

我们赶上了一群旅游者。

跟踪导练（一）

阅读理解

A

All around the world， an increasing number of people are spending their time taking part in online volunteering projects. What encourages them to help strangers without expectation of money or even thanks？

Radha Taralekar helped teach Imelda how to protect herself from HIV， though the two have never met， and neither knows the others name. Taralekar received no payment for the job. For Taralekar， the project gave her the chance to use her professional experience. “I want to serve people with my medical knowledge，” she said. For some， the inspiration to volunteer online was far more personal. After losing his wife to cancer， Tony Selman spent many hours online helping Cancer Research to collect information on the illness. “Seeing how painful she was when my wife was dying， I decided to help scientists find a way to treat cancer，” he said.

Interests and hobbies are also one of the reasons. Sam Luk joined other online volunteers to try to help the police solve murder cases. The police posted them online， calling for volunteers to help them to make sense of the messages. “I am interested in this and I love Sherlock Holmes，” said Luk.

For writer Clay Shirky， some large online volunteering projects help millions of people， giving him a sense of achievement. He helps write Wikipedia， the worlds biggest encyclopedia （百科全書）， which is written by people willing to use their professional knowledge.

1. We can infer that Radha Taralekar may be a ___ .

A. teacher B. doctor

C. writer D. policewoman

2. Why did Tony Selman decide to help Cancer Research？

A. His wife died of cancer.

B. He had much time to spend online.

C. He saw many people die of cancer.

D. He was a member of Cancer Research.

3. Sam Luk volunteered to help the police because of ___ .

A. his interests and hobbies

B. a sense of achievement

C. his duty of work

D. money in return

4. How many reasons why people help strangers online are mentioned in the text？

A. One. B. Two.

C. Three. D. Four.

B

Now most children chat daily either online or through their mobile phones. They are connecting to a huge number of other children all over the world. Some are shy “in real life” but are confident to communicate with others online； others find support from people of their own age on relationship issues， or problems at home.

Sometimes the online world， just like the real world， can introduce problems， such as arguments. Going online is great fun， but there are also a few people who use the Internet for offensive（冒犯性的）or illegal aims. Children must be made aware of both the good things and the dangers.

To keep children safe， your management must cover the family computer. Just as you decide which TV programs are suitable， you need to do the same for the websites and chat rooms your children visit. Remind your children that online friends are still strangers. Reminding them of the risks will keep them alert （警惕）.

Computer studies are part of schoolwork now， so its likely that your children may know more than you do. We get left behind when it comes to the latest gad-gets and the interactive areas of websites， like chat rooms and message boards， which are especially strange. The language of chat is strange to many parents， too. Chatters love to use abbreviations （縮写） such as： atb—all the best， bbfn—bye bye for now， culter—see you later， grt—great， Idk—I dont know， imbl—it must be love， kit—keep in touch， paw—parents are watching， lol—laugh out loud， xlnt—excellent！

5. Whats the passage mainly written for？

A. Children. B. Parents.

C. Teachers. D. Net bar owners.

6. Which of the following will the author probably agree with？

A. The Internet is good for children.

B. The chat language is strange to adults.

C. Children shouldnt chat so much online.

D. Fewer and fewer people use the Internet for illegal aims.

7. In order to keep children safe online， youd better ___ .

A. choose suitable websites and chat rooms for them

B. teach them to use correct net words

C. surf the Internet together with them

D. not let them use the Internet

8. If you stand beside him when your son is chatting about something secret online， he may use ___ .

A. bbfn B. lol

C. paw D. culter

跟蹤导练（二）

完形填空

My daughter was three years old. She was going to a playschool， which had day boarding facilities （寄宿设施）. After ， the kids would sleep for 2 to 3 hours. So she was very and active in the evening and always wanted to till midnight. By that time， I was totally after a whole days work in the office and at home.

One day， as usual she was not to go to bed. She was crying aloud， “I want to play more. No time now.” I held her in my arms and wiped her tears. She stopped crying. I told her，

“ you sleep happily without crying， a beautiful will come to you in your sleep.” While I was the beauty of the angel， she lowered her to my shoulder and she was asleep in a few minutes.

Many days passed. She still slept late， but cried again while going to sleep.

One day， when coming back in the evening， I she was feeling sleepy. Soon I cooked something for her and made her

. That day， she slept early.

I went to the and prepared the dinner. Then， I also thought of going to bed early. Suddenly I saw a smile on her face. Soon， she started quietly. That was very . Never had it happened like this. It lasted for a few . Soon she was deep in sleep.

The next morning she early. Sitting in the bed she called me， “Mama， an angel had come to me yesterday. She

me on my forehead and her face was just like yours.”

1. A. school B. class C. games D. lunch

2. A. small B. fresh C. clever D. strong

3. A. play B. read C. rest D. walk

4. A. pleased B. worried C. tired D. disappointed

5. A. patient B. full C. sure D. ready

6. A. washing B. sleeping C. drinking D. writing

7. A. If B. Because C. Unless D. Before

8. A. flower B. bird C. angel D. girl

9. A. sharing B. checking C. enjoying D. describing

10. A. hand B. head C. foot D. leg

11. A. never B. sometimes C. always D. often

12. A. heard B. noticed C. forgot D. hoped

13. A. run B. study C. eat D. stand

14. A. window B. bed C. bathroom D. kitchen

15. A. sweet B. sad C. shy D. polite

16. A. thinking B. watching C. laughing D. moving

17. A. important B. special C. lucky D. difficult

18. A. seconds B. hours C. days D. weeks

19. A. set out B. came back C. got up D. sat down

20. A. carried B. held C. hit D. kissed

語法填空

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Are you facing a situation makes you feel upset？ To be honest， I am.

I usually start the morning by checking the social networking website Facebook， only （see） that Ive already fallen behind. A workmate has written a new book. Two of my （hero） have completed a big project. One of my old college friends has posted a video for an online program she （take） at the moment. She looks （success）， shiny and charming while Im still in bed， bleary-eyed.

Am I really falling behind？ Did these people post any of these things to make me feel bad？

The answer is no. Its （terrible） easy to see social media as a reminder of all the things Im not doing and dreams Im not fulfilling. It is not a social problem but a comparison problem. All these years I （learn） one thing： Dont compare your insides someone elses outsides. You have no idea it took for other people to get where they are. Dont act like it was effortless or pure luck. Its much （easy） to look at someone “up there” and be curious about what they have than to be happy for them and make yours better.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

跟踪导练（三）

阅读理解

A

An American woman hired photographer Victoria Caroline Haltom to take pictures of her.

Following her clients orders， Victoria heavily photoshopped the pictures. She removed the womans cellulite （脂肪团）， wrinkles， stretch marks （妊娠纹）， etc. Months later， Victoria received an unexpected email from the womans husband， which she recently shared on Facebook.

“When I opened the album that she gave to me， my heart sank，” the husband wrote. “These pictures... while they are beautiful and you are clearly a very talented photographer... they are not my wife. You made every one of her ‘flaws （缺陷） disappear... and while Im sure this is exactly what she asked you to do， it took away everything that makes up our life.”

“When you took away her stretch marks， you took away the documentation of my children. When you took away her wrinkles， you took away over two decades of our laughter， and our worries. When you took away her cellulite， you took away her love of baking and all the delicious tastes we have enjoyed over the years.”

“Seeing these images made me realize that I honestly do not tell my wife enough how much I LOVE her and adore her just as she is. She hears it so seldom that she actually thought these photoshopped images were what I wanted and needed her to look like. I have to do better， and for the rest of my days I am going to celebrate her in all her imperfectness. Thanks for the reminder.”

We could all take a page from this loving husbands book. True love has nothing to do with beauty， which is in the eyes of the beholder.

1. What can we learn about the womans pictures？

A. They were a complete failure.

B. They were not as beautiful as her.

C. Her husband was shocked at them.

D. Her husband was disappointed with them.

2. Why did her husband write the email to Victoria？

A. To ask for a favour.

B. To apologize to her.

C. To express his thanks.

D. To complain about the pictures.

3. What message is conveyed in the husbands letter？

A. Love me， love my dog.

B. Just accept the way you are.

C. Try to be your personal best.

D. If you can dream it， you can do it.

4. How would the woman probably feel when she read the letter？

A. Very excited. B. Deeply moved.

C. Quite satisfied. D. Greatly puzzled.

B

About 21，000 young people in 17 American states do not go to classes in school buildings. Instead， they receive their school education by working at home on computers. The Center for Education Reform says the United States has 67 public “cyberschools”， and that is about twice as many as two years ago.

The money for students to go to a cyberschool comes from the governments of the states where they live. Some educators say cyberschools receive money that should support traditional public schools. They also say it is difficult to know if students are learning well.

Other educators praise this new form of education for letting students work at their own speed. These people say cyberschools help students who were unhappy or unsuccessful in traditional schools. They say learning at home by computer ends long bus rides for children who live far from school.

Whatever the judgment of cyberschools is， they are getting more and more popular. For example， a new cyberschool called Common-wealth Connections Academy will take in students this fall. It will serve children in the state of Pennsylvania from ages five through thirteen.

Children get free equipment for their online education. This includes a computer， a printer， books and technical services. Parents and students talk with teachers by telephone or by sending emails through their computer when necessary.

Students at cyberschools usually do not know one another. But 56 such students who finished studies at Western Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School recently met for the first time. They were guests honor at their graduation.

5. What can we learn about students of a cyberschool？

A. They have to take long bus rides to school.

B. They do well in traditional school programs.

C. They study at home rather than in classrooms.

D. They receive money from traditional public schools.

6. What is a problem with cyberschools？

A. They get little support from the state government.

B. Its hard to know students progress in learning.

C. The students find it hard to make friends.

D. The equipment costs a lot of money.

7. Why are cyberschools getting more popular？

A. They are less expensive.

B. Students can work at their own speed.

C. They serve students in a wider age range.

D. Graduates are more successful in society.

8. How can students in cyberschools ask the teachers questions？

A. By watching TV. B. By writing letters.

C. By attending meetings. D. By telephone or sending emails.

跟蹤导练（四）

阅读理解

Since his students began using Quizlet， English teacher Tristan Thorne has noticed an improvement in their ability to learn and use new words.

Quizlet is a learning App， a computer program you use on your mobile phone. It can help users build and test their knowledge of English words. Quizlet has word sets for millions of subjects. And， it is quickly becoming a useful mobile tool for language learners.

Thorne teaches at Columbia University in New York City. Thanks to learning Apps， Jeff Strack， another English teacher， has also noticed improvement in his students ability to remember information. He teaches at Hostos Community College， also in New York. He and Thorne are part of a growing number of language educators adding mobile Apps to their classes.

Strack and Thorne seem to agree that the days when teachers would not permit the use of mobile phones are gone. When they use Apps， language learners communicate more differently than in a traditional classroom. Users act on or respond to something， instead of just listening to new information.

Thorne believes that Apps can help learners become more active in learning. For example， each week， his students are required to add vocabulary words into Quizlet for others to use. He says some Apps also make it easy for students to know their language strengths and weaknesses.

The biggest improvement Strack has seen in his students is that they are much more active in whole-class or small-group discussions. “Apps let all students take part in the activity， whether its a game， quiz or practice activity.” he says.

Many existing learning Apps are designed for students of all ages and levels. Some are designed for group activities. Some support independent learning. Still some are good for homework. Thorne says he especially likes Quizlet and three other Apps： QR Codes， Socrative and Evernote.

1. What do Strack and Thorne do to improve their teaching？

A. They design learning Apps for their students.

B. They allow their students to use mobile Apps to study.

C. They stop their students from using Apps after class.

D. They order their students not to use mobile phones in class.

2. According to the text， Apps can help language learners .

A. save much time and money

B. remember their weaknesses

C. take an active part in learning

D. improve personal designing skills

3. What can we learn about the existing learning Apps？

A. They have three types in total.

B. They are too few to choose from.

C. They are designed for different uses.

D. They are only designed for homework.

4. What can be the best title for the text？

A. The Use of Mobile Phones Apps

B. Great Changes in Science and Technology

C. Ways to Choose from Different Mobile Apps

D. Better Language Learning with Mobile Apps

閱读七选五

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Things to Know When You Write an Email Message

For most of the twentieth century， people communicated by telephone or by mail. This is now changing， and email is becoming the preferred method of communication.

Its faster than traditional mail. As email is becoming popular， here are several rules we need to know.

Be polite and friendly.

Start your message with a greeting. If you are writing to a friend， you can begin with Hi， Sandra. If you are writing to your teacher， begin your message with Dear Mr. Astonso. Many people just type their names. Others say Bye， Cheers， or use abbreviations （缩写） like BFN （by for now）.

Look good.

When someone receives an email message from you， they might not know anything about you. They will judge you from your email message， so make yourself look good. Sometimes sentences seem clear when you write down， but dont make sense when you read them back.

If you start to use your email several times a week， your message box will soon fill with mail. After a few weeks， you can have a list of 60 or 70 messages！ It is easy to delete （删除） the messages you dont want any more. If your messages are important， you can save them in folders （文件夹）. It only take a few minutes to learn.

A. Organize your email.

B. Its cheaper than a phone call.

C. The email must be addressed correctly.

D. Type your message， and then read it again.

E. You need a closing at the end of your email.

F. If you dont know how to do that， just ask a friend.

G. The most commonly used emails are business emails.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

跟踪导练（五）

选词填空

用方框里单词的正确形式填空，使其句意完整。每空一词，有两个词是多余的。

compare definite permission defence short independent

invention contain average frequent design disadvantage

1. This library ____ a large number of books in foreign languages.

2. The computer is one of the most important ____ in the world.

3. You cant take photos here without ____ .

4. The book is ____ to be used in two ways.

5. The washing machine has two serious ____ .

6. He comes to visit me ____ ， usually three or four times a week.

7. A week ago you made a（n） ____ promise.

8. In China farming is no longer completely ___ on the weather.

9. My teacher asked me to ____ the report to one page.

10. Im quite a patient person， ____ with him.

句子翻译

1. 委员会由十人组成。（consist of）

2. 油价正在下跌。（go down）

3. 开车时驾驶员的注意力要集中在路上。（concentrate on）

4. 人们都认为那是市内最危险的地段。（be known as）

5. 我想你錯了。你应该拿出更好的想法。（come up with）

短文改错

Dear Editor，

Now many students have iPods and regard them as their most favorite. Use an iPod， we can listen to music， download a lot of learning materials and read it on the screen. Apparently， it is great help to our study， especially to our English listening.

Some students， however， bring their iPods to classroom and listen to music with earphones， which make the teacher and other students greatly annoying. Whats bad， some of them even waste precious time in class play video games.

In my opinion， the classroom is a place that students should concentrate in study. Furthermore， some rules should be made to guide the students to use iPods properly.

Yours sincerely，

Li Hua

书面表达

假如你是李明，你的朋友李华每次遇到考试，都会出现一些焦虑症状。她写信给你，希望你能给她一些帮助。请根据以下要点用英语写一封回信。

要点提示：

1. 分析原因；

2. 你的看法和建议。

注意：

词数100左右（信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数）。

参考词汇：

头晕 adj. dizzy 食欲不振 lose ones appetite

Dear Li Hua，

I really feel sorry that you get some symptoms of anxiety before exams.

Yours sincerely，

Li Ming