彭传真 宋兆录 李开艳 吴晓 冷宁
[摘要] 目的 探討血管紧张素受体AT1相关的受体蛋白(APJ)拮抗剂Apelin13(F13A)对肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化及其诱导的乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7细胞迁移和侵袭的影响。 方法 用白细胞介素-13(IL-13)(10 ng/mL)处理RAW264.7细胞24 h诱导M2型极化(M2RAW),同时用Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)共同处理24 h,再与MCF-7细胞非接触共培养48 h。采用MTT法检测RAW和MCF-7细胞的增殖。采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测RAW细胞培养液上清中TGF-β和IL-10水平。Western blot检测RAW细胞中M2型极化标志蛋白Arg-1表达。划痕实验和Transwell实验检测MCF-7细胞的迁移和侵袭力。 结果 与RAW组比较,M2RAW组TGF-β、IL-10及Arg-1的表达水平均显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与M2RAW组比较,M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)组TGF-β、IL-10水平及Arg-1的表达水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与RAW+MCF-7组比较,M2RAW+MCF-7组MCF-7细胞划痕显著减小,侵袭的细胞数明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与M2RAW+MCF-7组比较,Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7组MCF-7细胞划痕显著增加,侵袭的细胞数明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 Apelin13(F13A)可抑制巨噬细胞M2型极化及其诱导的乳腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭。
[关键词] 血管紧张素受体AT1相关的受体蛋白;拮抗剂;乳腺癌;肿瘤侵袭;肿瘤相关巨噬细胞;M2型极化
[中图分类号] R737.9 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)05(c)-0013-06
Effect of putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1 antagonist Apelin13 (F13A) on the invasion induced by M2 type tumor related macrophages in breast cancer cells line MCF-7 cells and probable mechanism
PENG Chuanzhen SONG Zhaolu LI Kaiyan WU Xiao LENG Ning
Department of Radiotherapy, Jiaozhou Central Hospital of Qingdao City, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266300, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate effect of putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1 (APJ) antagonist Apelin13 (F13A) on the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and the invasion induced by M2 type macrophages in breast cancer cells line MCF-7 cells. Methods Macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with IL-13 (10 ng/mL) for 24 h to induce M2 type polarization (M2RAW) and the cells were treated with Apelin-13(F13A) (10.00 pm/mL) for 24 h. RAW and MCF-7 cells were co-cultured for 48 h in non-contact manner. The proliferation of RAW and MCF-7 was detected by MTT. Levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in culture medium were tested by ELISA. Expression of marker protein of M2 type polarization arginase 1 (Arg-1) were measured by Western blot. Migration and invasiveness of MCF-7 cells were tested by scratch test and Transwell method. Results Compared with RAW group, levels of TGF-β and IL-10 and expression of Arg-1 in M2RAW group were significantly increased, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with M2RAW group, levels of TGF-β and IL-10 and expression of Arg-1 in M2RAW+Apelin-13 (F13A) group were significantly decreased, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with RAW+MCF-7 group, scratch area was significantly decreased, the number of cell through the membrane was significantly increased in M2RAW+MCF-7 group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with M2RAW+MCF-7 group, scratch area was significantly increased, the number of cell through the membrane was significantly decreased in Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7 group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Apelin13 (F13A) inhibits the polarization of tumor related macrophages and the invasion induced by M2 type macrophages in breast cancer cells line MCF-7 cells.
[Key words] Putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1; Antagonists; Mammary cancer; Tumor invasion; Tumor-associated macrophages; M2 type polarization
乳腺癌是常见的女性恶性肿瘤,全球患者每年高达20万[1]。血管紧张素受体AT1相关的受体(putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1,APJ)是属于G蛋白偶联受体,Apelin是其天然配体[2]。Apelin/APJ系统与乳腺癌、口腔癌和神经胶质瘤等的发生密切相关[3-4]。Apelin和APJ在多种肿瘤中的表达上调,APJ激活可促进肿瘤细胞增殖和侵袭转移[5-6]。Apelin13(F13A)是Apelin-13的类似物,能与APJ结合,不能激活APJ,是APJ阻断剂。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAM)是在肿瘤组织中分布具有抗炎功能的巨噬细胞,TAM不同的极化表型与肿瘤的侵袭和转移密切相关[7-8]。因此2017年7~12月,笔者通过实验观察Apelin13(F13A)对巨噬细胞极化及其诱导的乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7细胞迁移和侵袭的影响,旨在为乳腺癌的防治提供新的靶点和策略。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
MCF-7细胞(中国科学院细胞研究所),RAW 264.7细胞(中国医学科学院基础医学研究所细胞中心)。Apelin 13(F13A)(Sigma)。胎牛血清(杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司),DMEM培养基(Gibco)。转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和白细胞介素-10(interleukin10,IL-10)酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测试剂盒(武汉博士德生物工程有限公司)。山羊抗鼠精氨酸酶-1(Arginase-1,Arg-1)抗体和二抗(Santa Cruz)。SM600多功能酶标仪(上海永创医疗器械有限公司),垂直电泳仪与转膜系统(Hoefer公司),凝胶成像分析系统(北京六一生物科技有限公司),图像分析系统(成都泰盟科技有限公司)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 MCF-7和RAW264.7细胞的培养与实验分组 MCF-7和RAW264.7细胞用DMEM培养液(10%胎牛血清)培养在37℃、5%CO2饱和湿度的培养箱中。0.25%胰蛋白酶消化和传代,取对数生长期、融合度达80%左右的细胞用于实验。
实验分为以下组:RAW264.7组(RAW):含DMEM培养基培养24 h;M2型RAW264.7组(M2RAW):用IL-13(10 ng/mL)处理RAW 24 h;Apelin-13(F13A)组:用Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)孵育RAW 24 h;M2型RAW264.7+Apelin-13(F13A)(M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)):用IL-13(10 ng/mL)和Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)共处理24 h;MCF-7组(MCF-7):DMEM培养基培养48 h;RAW264.7+MCF-7组(RAW+MCF-7):DMEM培养基非接触共培养48 h;M2型RAW264.7+MCF-7组(M2RAW+MCF-7):先用IL-13(10 ng/mL)处理24 h,再与MCF-7在非接触共培养48 h;Apelin-13(F13A)+RAW264.7+MCF-7组(Apelin-13(F13A)+RAW+MCF-7):先用Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)处理RAW 24 h,再与MCF-7非接触共培养48 h;Apelin-13(F13A)+M2型RAW 264.7+MCF-7组(Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7):先用IL-13(10 ng/mL)和Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)共同处理RAW 24 h,换培养,再与MCF-7非接触共培养48 h;
1.2.2 ELISA检测 各组处理结束后,收集细胞培养液上清,采用ELISA法检测培养液上清中TNF-α和IFN-γ的水平。按说明书进行操作,BCA法定量培养液上清中总蛋白水平,结果用“ng/g蛋白”表示。
1.2.3 Western blot分析 处理结束后,收集细胞,提取细胞总蛋白,BCA法定量蛋白浓度。取适量蛋白样本,在上样缓冲液中煮沸10 min。冷却后SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳将蛋白转移到聚偏氟乙烯膜上,电流强度为80~100 mA,时间为1 h。丽春红染色,观察蛋白转移效果,确定蛋白分子量标准位置。5%脱脂牛奶室温下孵育聚偏氟乙烯膜2 h。加入山羊抗鼠Arg-1和β-actin的相应一抗,4℃过夜。洗膜3次,加入二抗,4℃下孵育4 h。蛋白质印迹荧光检测试剂盒曝光于X线,显影、暗室曝光,采用凝胶图像分析系统对胶片扫描,结果以目的蛋白和β-actin灰度比值表示进行半定量分析。
1.2.4 MTT法检测细胞活力 RAW细胞制成细胞悬液(2×105/mL)接种于半透膜孔径为0.4 μm的Transwell上室中。RAW264.7细胞贴壁后将Transwell放置在预先接种了MCF-7的24孔板中,构建非接触共培养体系,37℃、5%CO2孵育48 h。取出Transwell小室,每孔加入100 μL MTT继续培养4 h。每孔加入100 μL DMSO,振荡,酶标仪上测定波长为490 nm的吸光度(OD)值。計算细胞存活率:存活率(%)=处理组OD值/对照组OD值×100%。
1.2.5 划痕实验 MCF-7细胞,制成细胞悬液(1×105个细胞/孔)接种6孔培养板。将RAW细胞接种在Transwell上室,Transwell置于6孔培养板中,MCF-7生长融合至90%时,移除上室,100 μL移液器枪头垂直划,PBS洗2次。继续共培养48 h,倒置显微镜观察划痕中细胞的转移,拍照记录,图像分析软件测量划痕宽度,计算划痕愈合率=[(0 h划痕面积-48 h划痕面积)/0 h划痕面积×100%]。
1.2.6 Transwell实验 RAW细胞(1×105个细胞/孔)接种于24孔板中。孔径为8.0 μm半透膜置于Transwell上室底部,加入基质胶,固化。MCF-7制成细胞悬液,接种于Transwell上室(5×105个细胞/孔),Transwell置于预接种了RAW的24孔板孔中,非接触共培养体48 h。移出上室,4%多聚甲醛固定,加入0.1%结晶紫溶液,染色20 min。在高倍镜(×200)下随机取3个视野计数转移细胞数。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验;以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义
2 结果
2.1 IL-13和Apelin-13(F13A)对RAW细胞活力的影响
M2RAW组(105.34±5.67)、Apelin-13(F13A)组(99.73±6.18)和M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)组(102.85±7.49)的细胞存活率与RAW组(100.00±0.00)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见图1。
2.2 Apelin-13(F13A)抑制RAW264.7细胞的M2型极化
与RAW组(100.00±0.00)比较,M2RAW组TGF-β[(15.46±1.43)ng/g蛋白vs.(36.84±2.55 ng/g)蛋白)]和IL-10[(13.76±1.15)ng/g蛋白vs.(31.49±3.12)ng/g蛋白)]水平顯著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与M2RAW组比较,M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)组TGF-β[(6.84±2.55)ng/g蛋白vs.(18.21±2.13)ng/g蛋白)]和IL-10[(31.49±3.12)ng/g蛋白vs.(15.71±1.81)ng/g蛋白)]水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图2。
进一步检测RAW264.7细胞中M2型极化标志蛋白Arg-1的水平,与RAW组(0.21±0.03)比较,M2RAW组(1.13±0.09)细胞中Arg-1的表达显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与M2RAW组(1.13±0.09)比较,M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)组(0.31±0.04)细胞中Arg-1的表达显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图3。
2.3 RAW巨噬细胞对MCF-7细胞活力的影响
RAW+MCF-7组[104.59±6.71)%]、M2RAW+MCF-7组[(104.72±8.46)%]、Apelin-13(F13A)+RAW+MCF-7组[(102.37±11.26)%]、Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7组[(103.53±7.31)%]的细胞存活率与MCF-7组[(100.00±0.00)%]比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见图4。
2.4 Apelin-13(F13A)抑制巨噬细胞M2型极化而抑制其诱导的MCF-7细胞迁移和侵袭
与RAW+MCF-7组[(94.76±8.73)%]比较,M2RAW+MCF-7组[(38.87±5.44)%]MCF-7的运动迁移速度明显增加,细胞划痕显著减小,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与M2RAW+MCF-7组[(38.87±5.44)%],Apelin-13[(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7组[(86.56±8.97)%]MCF-7的运动迁移速度明显减慢,细胞划痕显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图5。
与RAW+MCF-7组[(513.36±45.67)个/视野]比较,M2RAW+MCF-7组[(1145.66±87.39)个/视野]破坏基质胶侵袭的MCF-7细胞数明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与M2RAW+MCF-7组[(1145.66±87.39)个/视野],Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7组[(675.35±57.96)个/视野]破坏基质胶侵袭的MCF-7细胞数明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图6。
3 讨论
乳腺癌是女性因癌症死亡的首要原因,严重威胁着女性的健康[9-10]。尽管乳腺癌的治疗手段已取得了很大进步,但是整体上来说乳腺癌的预后仍然较差,手术后5年复发转移率较高[11-12]。乳腺癌治疗失败的主要原因是肿瘤的复发和转移,因此探索新的抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖和转移侵袭的有效治疗方法是目前乳腺癌研究领域的热点课题。本研究的结果显示APJ受体的拮抗剂Apelin13(F13A)可抑制巨噬细胞M2型极化,同时抑制了M2型极化巨噬细胞诱导的乳腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭。
Apelin是APJ在机体内的天然配体,Apelin和APJ在肺癌、乳腺癌和子宫癌等中高表达[13-14]。APJ抑制剂能有效抑制血管新生,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,已经成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点[15-16]。Apelin-13(F13A)是同Apelin-13具有相似化学结构的一种相似物,Apelin-13(F13A)同样具有与APJ受体结合的能力,但不能激活APJ受体,被认为是APJ的拮抗剂[17]。
TAM是实体肿瘤组织中主要的基质细胞,TAM是肿瘤微环境中的一类具有很强的可塑性和功能异质性的细胞[18-19]。TAM有经典活化(M1型)和替代活化(M2型)两种极化类型。M1型TAM具有递呈抗原和促进炎性反应的作用,肿瘤细胞具有杀伤作用。M2型TAM具有抑制炎症、促进组织修复、肿瘤组织内血管新生和促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移等作用[20]。本研究中观察了Apelin-13(F13A)阻断APJ系统对巨噬细胞极化状态的影响,结果显示Apelin-13(F13A)抑制了IL-13诱导的M2型极化。由于M2型极化的TAM可以促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移,因此建立RAW264.7细胞与乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7细胞的非接触共培养体系,检测MCF-7的侵袭转移能力。结果表明Apelin-13(F13A)抑制IL-13诱导的M2型极化,也抑制了M2型TAM诱导的乳腺癌细胞的侵袭和转移,提示Apelin-13(F13A)可能是乳腺癌治疗的一个新的有效的途径。
综上所述,本研究发现Apelin13(F13A)抑制巨噬细胞M2型极化,从而抑制了M2型极化的巨噬细胞诱导的乳腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭。本研究为乳腺癌的防治提供了新的线索和途径。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-31 本文編辑:任 念)