四川 唐长贵
高考听力分值30分,占高考总分的五分之一。对高考听力的研究,有助于我们一线老师有针对性地教学和备考,同时,听力备考需要训练材料,因此,模拟高考听力来命制听力训练试题,就显得很有必要。笔者试图从高考听力真题分析、模拟听力试题材料的选取以及如何命制高考模拟听力试题等方面着手,对听力试题的原创进行探究,以求抛砖引玉。
《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲(英语)》(以下简称《考纲》)对高考听力的考核目标与要求是:考生能够听懂所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能:理解主旨要义;获取具体的事实性信息;对所听内容做出推断;理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。那么,近五年高考命题的话题、考点分布等情况是如何的呢?请看如下细目表:
近五年(2013-2017)新课标全国I卷的听力真题细目表
续表
续表
根据上面细目表,我们可以分析得到如下信息:
1. 听力话题均来自《考纲》附录4《话题细目表》,共有24个话题。高频率考查的话题大都集中在考生熟悉的日常生活、学校生活、兴趣与爱好、计划与愿望、旅行与交通、饮食与健康、天气等方面,体现了《考纲》要求考生听懂“熟悉”话题的内容;同时,还考查了考生未来可能经历的社会生活和工作如出差、预约谈话、求职等话题;另外,其他话题如网络使用、人际关系、周围环境等也有涉及。
2. 考查的功能意念来自《考纲》附录3《功能意念项目表》,共11大项68小项。主要集中在:判断与评价、求助、邀请、提醒注意、爱好、道歉、谈论天气、建议、打电话、就餐、比较、祝贺、聚会、提供帮助、价格、职业以及比较等方面。
3. 考点遵循《考纲》要求,考查四个方面:事实获取、简单推断、主旨要义和意图观点。其中事实获取考得最多,平均每年11个,其中,第一节平均每年有1.4个,第二节平均每年有9.6个。其次,考查简单推断,平均每年7个,其中,第一节2个,第二节5个。第三,考查主旨要义题,平均每年有1个,其中,第一节0.8个,第二节0.2个,说明主旨要义题主要出现在第一节。第四,考查观点态度题,平均每年有1个,其中,第一节0.8个,第二节0.2个,说明主旨要义题也主要出现在第一节。
4. 考查层次。深层次考点绝大部分集中在简单推断题上,其次在主旨要义题和观点态度题上。
5. 设问方式主要集中在以what提问上。以what设问的题目平均每年达到11.8个,其中,第一节占4个,第二节占7.8个;五年中, what...think of有2次;what kind of 有2次;what percentage有2次;what day有1次;what time有1次; what food有1次;what season有1次,其余全部是以what提问。
五年中,where提问共有11次;why有9次;when有7次;who有4次;how有3次;how much有3次; how long有2次;which有1次; how many有1次。
6. 听力词数。平均每年829.4词,其中,第一节平均每年有143词;第二节平均每年有686.4词。值得一提的是,2015年只有696个词,为近5年来最少,2017年最多,达到891个。
7. 听力语速。每分钟150~160词,2017年,语速较以前有所增加,达到155~165wpm。
8. 设题词数。平均每年330词,最少的是2015年,只有297词,最多的是2013年,达到375词。
大部分老师在命制听力试题时,往往苦于没有适当材料,也不知如何选材。从以上分析来看,我们在选择材料时,要注意这几个方面:
1. 话题:话题要有时代气息,贴近学生生活,内容要多样化。应从《考纲》给出的24个话题中选取学生熟悉的以及考生未来可能遇到的生活或工作场景。近五年的真题显示,日常生活、学校生活、兴趣与爱好、计划与愿望、旅行与交通、饮食与健康、天气等话题是高频率考查的内容。
2. 功能 :应从《考纲》的功能意念表(共11大项68小项)选取,近五年高考主要集中在判断与评价、求助、邀请、提醒注意、爱好、道歉、谈论天气、建议、打电话、就餐、比较、祝贺、聚会、提供帮助、价格、职业以及比较等方面。
3. 对话情景要尽可能真实,材料尽可能生活化和口语化,其交际性和实用性很强。比如2015年第五个对话生活场景非常真实。原文:
W: Could you turn that off ? I can’t hear myself think.
M: What?
W: The radio.
M: Oh! Sorry.
本段对话双方都用简短话语,加上一定的语调,非常形象地显示了我们常见的一幕生活画面。
再比如,2017年的第9段对话的第三个回合,男方说:Well, I’d like to, but I don’t know much about the situation at the moment...you know, about schools and all that. But I hope to move the family out there in a couple of months’ time. I don’t think I want to spend a year and a half out there on my own...I mean, without Rachel and the kids. I mean, I don’t see that much of them now as it is.
在本回合中,说话者用了Well,you know,以及两次I mean等口头语,说明了材料很口语化和生活化。
4. 材料中命题的信息量要足,但语言难度不宜过高。选项要具有一定的干扰性,材料中的信息量就得充足。比如:2015年的第6段和第9段材料,信息点密集,正确选项和干扰项均在材料中出现过。再比如:2017年的第8段材料,同样如此。原题(保留原题号):
10. Where will Mr. White be at 11 o’clock?
A. At the office.
B. At the airport.
C. At the restaurant.
11. What will Mr. White probably do at one in the afternoon?
A. Receive a guest.
B. Have a meeting.
C. Read a report.
12. When will Miss Wilson see Mr. White?
A. At lunch time.
B. Late in the afternoon.
C. The next morning.
这三个题的选项信息均在材料中出现过,而且事件和时间节点杂乱,很容易搞混淆。
近几年,听力材料越来越口语化,语言难度不大,比如2013年和2014年,独白中还有较多的复合句,如定语从句在2013年的独白中就有8句。但在2015至2017年,独白中的复合句没有以前那么多了。当然,独白中的语句也有复杂句式,比如2016年的Engineering graduates were more likely to have started their job search already, and to have accepted a job;2017年 的 And people have been warned not to go out of their homes — not if you walk on foot, at least —between 11 in the morning and 7 in the evening等。
5. 听力材料中没有超纲词汇。这几年的听力材料显示,除了地名、人名外,命题人严格将听力词汇限制在《考纲》要求的词汇范围内,这是我们在命制模考试题时,非常值得注意的一点。我们经常看到有的模考试题中出现很多超纲词汇,甚至在选项中还有超纲词,这是不合适的。
6. 有时材料中会出现跨文化交际。这是《英语课标》上的要求,也是学好英语的必备素养。比如,2017的第三段对话:
M: Let’s see what drinks you’ve got for the party tonight.
W: Everything! Beer, wine, soft drinks like Coke, 7-Up...You name it, I’ve got it! Have you ordered the cake?
M: Of course.
对话中的Coke(可乐),7-up(七喜)是常见的饮料;You name it, I’ve got it是美国快餐文化中很著名的广告语,如果考生了解这些跨文化背景知识,对听力理解有绝对的帮助。
7. 材料来源。可以从英美国家网站、国外英文杂志等,如http://www.npr.org/、http://www.loyalbooks.com/,Learn Hot English等,以及经典英文教材如New English File等中寻找合适的材料。不宜直接从国内网站下载材料命题,因为这些材料可能别人已经用过了,而且可能不是地道语言。
对高考听力真题进行了足够的研究后,又找到了恰当的材料,接下来就是命题阶段了。我们先看一份真实试卷:
一、单选题:(每题1分,共40分)
1.世界上第一条地下铁道1863年在( )建成通车。
A.中国 B.英国
C. 美国 D.韩国
2.世界上第一条地下铁道( )年在英国伦敦建成通车。
A. 1683 B. 1863
C. 1368 D. 1963
3.世界上第一条地下铁道1863年在( )建成通车。
A. 伦敦 B. 巴黎
C. 东京 D. 首尔
这三个题的题干相互给出了各自的答案,被网友吐槽为有辱智商的“奇葩”试题。考生不需要任何专业知识就可找到答案,这样的题当然是无效题了。同样,在听力考试中也有这种类似情况,请看题(保持原题号):
W: Good morning, sir. I’m looking for a teddy bear for my daughter.
M: What color does she like? Pink or gray? Is this pink one all right?
W: Yes, the color is fine. But ithink it’s too big.
M: Oh, I see. Look at the gray one. It’s much smaller than that pink one.
W: Hum. How much is this?
M: Two hundredyuan.
W: It’s too expensive. Do you have a cheaper one in pink?
M: Let me see. What about this one? It’s only eightyyuanand it’s small.
W: Good! I’ll take this one. Here’s one hundredyuan.
M: Thank you, madam. And here’s twentyyuan.
11. Where is the woman?
A. She is in a shoe shop.
B. She’s in a toy shop.
C. She’s in a bookshop.
12. What’s she looking for?
A. She’s looking for a bear.
B. She’s looking for a toy car.
C. She’s looking for a toy bear.
13. How much is the gray teddy bear?
A. 200yuan. B. 100yuan. C. 80yuan.
14. Why doesn’t the woman buy the first teddy bear?
A. It’s too small.
B. She doesn’t like the color.
C. It’s too big.
15. How much does the woman pay for the teddy bear in the end?
A. 80yuan. B. 200yuan. C.100yuan.
我们不听材料,根据13、14、15题的题干,就可知11题选B,12题选C。所以这样的听力题是无效的。
另外,我们也不能拿考生根据常识就可以得出答案的材料来命制听力考题。全国Ⅲ卷的听力独白,笔者个人认为不宜作为听力材料。请看这三个题(保留原题号):
18. What are the students allowed to wear in the lab?
A. Long scarves. B. Loose clothes. C. Tennis shoes.
19. Why should the students avoid mixing liquid with paper?
A. It may cause a fire.
B. It may create waste.
C. It may produce pollution.
20. What does the speaker mainly talk about?
A. Grades the students will receive.
B. Rules the students should follow.
C. Experiments the students will do.
我们根据这三个题的选项,可以不听原文,很容易得出答案。根据常识,实验室中,长围巾和宽大的衣服肯定不能穿戴,因为它们可能因为长度和宽度占据空间,打碎实验器具;至于要避免化学液体和纸张接触,在实验室中,我们首先要考虑的是为了避免引起火灾;根据18、19题的选项,就可得出20题的答案,本段说话者是在谈实验室中的规章制度。
那么我们应该如何命制听力呢?
首先,我们要明白听力命题的依据。《新课程标准》对听力八级技能的目标描述是:
(1) 能识别不同语气所表达的不同态度;
(2) 能听懂有关熟悉话题的讨论或谈话并记住要点;
(3) 能抓住简单语段中的观点;
(4) 能基本听懂广播、电视英语新闻的主题或大意;
(5) 能听懂委婉的建议、劝告等。
以上的目标描述,就是命制听力的依据。
其次,要明白听力命题的切入点。就是前面我们谈到的《考纲》对考生的四个考核目标和要求。具体来说:
(1) 考生在听的过程中获取事实性的具体信息(details),包括:① 时间、年代、价格等 (when/which year/what price);② 地点 (where/ at what place);③ 人物 (who/ whom/whose); ④ 事 件 (from beginning to the end/ when, where,what, how and why)等等,这是听力命题的主要内容,以上的真题分析也证明了这点。
(2) 考生要能就对话的背景、说话人之间的关系等做出简单推断(background/what relationship),这是听力命题要抓住的第二大内容。
(3) 考生要能理解听力材料的主旨要义,即该段听力材料的中心大意(main idea )。这样的题较少,主要在前五个简短对话中出现。
(4) 考生要能理解说话者的意图、观点或态度(intention,view and attitude)。这样的题较少,也主要在前五个简短对话中出现。
第三,对听力材料要根据需要加工。有时,我们千辛万苦找到的材料,可能由于信息量不够,往往不能立刻命题,这时,我们需要对材料进行加工。比如有一则这样的材料:
W: What’s the matter? You’re very quiet today.
M: Well, Amy. I’m thinking about joining a club. I can’t decide whether to join the Swimming Club or the Soccer Club.
W: I see. Well, swimming is safer.
M: How do you know that? You’re in the Basketball Club.
W: I played soccer in Junior High School. It’s easy to get injured. Once I played it with some friends. When I ran to control the ball, I knocked myself against one of them. We both fell to the ground. His feet hit my right ankle, which made my ankle bleed.
M: But playing soccer is the most interesting and exciting.And swimming has been my hobby since my childhood.
W: OK, then join the Soccer Club and you can always go swimming in your own time.M: Good idea.
如果我们想对本材料中的人物和地点进行命题,对话内容给我们命制选项的信息量不够,硬生造出来的选项又没有干扰性,因此,有必要对材料进行加工。以下是加工后的材料,画线部分为加工内容:
W: Hi, Dave! Are you going to the opening ceremony of the sports meeting?
M: Yes, but it’s early, so I just have a walk in the garden.How about you?
W: I’ll certainly go though I’m always busy with my studies in the classroom.
M: Oh! You are really a sports lover.
W: What’s the matter? You’re very quiet today.
M: Well, Amy. I’m thinking about joining a club. I can’t decide whether to join the Swimming Club or the Soccer Club.
W: I see. Well, swimming is safer.
M: How do you know that? You’re in the Basketball Club.
W: I played soccer in Junior High School. It’s easy to get injured. Once I played it with some friends on the playground.When I ran to control the ball, I knocked myself against Michael.We both fell to the ground. His feet hit my right ankle, which made my ankle bleed.
M: But playing soccer is the most interesting and exciting.And swimming has been my hobby since my childhood.
W: OK, then join the Soccer Club and you can always go swimming in your own time.
M: Good idea. Well, the opening ceremony will begin in 5 minutes. Let’s go.
这样,我们对人物和地点就好命题了,而且保证了三个选项均在材料中出现:
(1) Where are the two speakers?
A. In the classroom.
B. On the playground.
C. In the garden.
(2) Who is in the Basketball Club?
A. Dave.
B. Michael.
C. Amy.
值得一提的是,2015年听力独白是关于伦敦茶叶贸易中心的介绍,该材料曾以完形填空的形式出现过,本次用作听力材料,也是命题人对其进行了改编和加工的。
在选择独白材料时,我们在认定某一个话题后,要尽可能多地查阅有关这个话题的资料,尽量多地将相关信息揉在一起,以达到将材料“信息点密集”的程度。假如我选定了“The Sydney Festival”这个话题,我可能到以下网站查阅相关资料:
http://en.prnasia.com/releases/global/Sydney_Festival This is Our City in Summer 3 Weeks Every January.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Festival
http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australianstory/festivals-in-australia
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vicki-louise/post 13791b 13715604.html
……
将相关信息集中后,调顺语句,一篇好的听力独白就出炉了。
第四,正确选项尽量是对原材料的同义转换。这种要求与阅读理解选项的命题类似。比如2015年的第四段对话是这样的:
M: This course is really difficult.
W: I don’t think it’s all that bad. And we’ll benefit a lot from it.
M: So, you’re taking it too?
W: That’s true.
试题的设计是这样的(保留原题号):
4. What is the woman’s opinion about the course?
A. Too hard.
B. Worth taking.
C. Very easy.
本题答案的关键是女说话者的I don’t think it’s all that bad. And we’ll benefit a lot from it,从本句话可以同义得出B是正确答案。这是典型的同义转换题。
再比如,2017年的第六段对话的两个问题是这样的(保留原题号):
6. What is the woman looking for?
A. An information office.
B. A police station.
C. A shoe repair shop.
7. What is theTown Guideaccording to the man?
A. A brochure. B. A newspaper. C. A map.
这两个题的解答取决于考生对听力原文的同义转化。原文是:
W: Excuse me. I wonder if you could tell me how to find a place to have my shoes mended. I’m new in town.
M: Ah, there is a good shop not far from here. Go straight ahead and walk about three blocks. I can’t remember the name of the shop, but you’ll find it. It’s near the police station. By the way , you know about thetown guide? It’s a thin book and has all kinds of useful information. You’ll find one in any bookstore.
…
很显然,考生如果对画线部分同义转换成功,答案便可信手拈来。
第五,对推断题要设置巧妙。比如2017年第九段材料的听力题(保留原题号):
15. What does Bill hope to do about his family?
A. Bring them to Germany.
B. Leave them in England.
C. Visit them in a few months.
16. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A. Fellow-travelers. B. Colleagues. C. Classmates.
这两道题均为推断题。15题很容易混淆,说话者开始想带家人过去,又说担心学校,又说过几个月再说,最后说 I don’t think I want to spend a year and a half out there on my own...I mean, without Rachel and the kids. I mean, I don’t see that much of them now as it is,说明他想带家人一起去德国。16题是判断说话者之间关系的题,根据原文Yeah. Well,that’s the way it is normally in our company, I suppose信息,可以得出答案。该题也容易误选,因为答案是间接推断出来的。从分析来看,这些推断题确实设计巧妙,很值得我们模仿学习。
以上是笔者就听力试题的原创工作做了一个初步的探究,希望能对听力教学和备考有所裨益。