河南 庞先庆(特级教师)
七选五阅读理解题是实行新课改后,由课标全国卷于2008年首先推出的新题型。该题型后被越来越多的考区连年选用。到2019年,将有河南、山西、河北、青海、西藏、甘肃、贵州、黑龙江、吉林、宁夏、海南、内蒙古、新疆、云南、广西、北京、辽宁等28个省、市、区的高考采用该题型,这从一个侧面说明这种题型的科学性和重要性。
本文拟结合河南省教育科学“十三五”规划2017年度课题子课题《文本阅读与英语写作的融合研究》以及教学实践,探讨“七选五”型阅读理解的微观设题技巧,以期实现英语文本读写技能的融合。
下面结合具体实例谈谈该题型的命题方式。
【真题链接1】(2017课标全国卷 Ⅰ)
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.
C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.
[试题解析]C 根据前句可知,介绍“我”去野营的朋友认为,“我”此去野营是件“开拓性的事情”,所缺句可对前文加以补充说明——野营对“我”来说很难(后文所述的野营生活可为佐证)。故正确选项为C。
探秘:如果某句的前后句是为了证明另一句而举的例子,那么可以从行文逻辑上的例证关系角度将此句设题。当然,例证的形式具有多样性,其思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。
【真题链接2】(2017课标全国卷 Ⅰ)
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
[试题解析]D 根据前文所述可知,作者不热衷于野营,而下文转述自己找到了适合自己的方式多次野营,故所缺句必起承上启下的作用;表示转折关系的D项(I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however. 然而,从那以后我学会怎样野营,收获颇多)符合语意。
探秘:如果前后两句话之间有however(然而),nevertheless(然而,不过),still(还,然而),though(可是,不过,然而),yet(然而),on the contrary(正相反),in contrast(与此相反,相比之下),in comparison(比较起来,比较地),by comparison(相比之下),instead(相反),instead of(而不)等连接词,则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转,此时,可以从行文逻辑上的转折关系角度将此句设题,表示英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。
【真题链接3】(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)
● 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
B. Find the right motivation.
【篇章图解】
很多人将早晨赖床归咎于闹钟失灵;其实,重新调整自己的生物钟是催促自己早起的最佳办法,本文就设定生物钟的必要性和设定办法做了具体的说明,介绍了如何制订一个更好的睡眠计划。
[试题解析]B 本段主要讲述的是“在做出决定前,当事人要好好内省一番——弄清早起的原因、目的”等,这些都是早起的“动机”。故正确选项为B。
探秘:有时,前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果),thus/therefore(因此),so (such)...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语,表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系,说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。此时,可以从行文逻辑上的因果关系角度将此句设题,考生可以在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上,依据彼此的关系来确认答案。
【真题链接4】(2016课标全国卷Ⅱ)
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料). 38 .However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.
E.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
[试题解析]E 细节递进句。根据本段中的“Some people may think that...Others are concerned about...”以及选项E中的关键词“Still”可推断出此处应该是:Still others may...
探秘:如果某句的前后两句话之间有also(也,而且),further(另外的),furthermore(而且,此外),likewise(同样地,也),similarly(相似地,类似地),moreover(且,再者,此外,而),in addition(另外,加之),what’s more(更重要的是),not only...but also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组,则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系,此时,该句很有可能是个递进的句子,可以设题,表示英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。
【真题链接5】(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)
●Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.
E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.
[试题解析]E 上文列举了一系列解决睡眠的措施,根据本段最后一句“If not, take another look at other methods you could try.如果这些措施不管用,再尝试一下其他的”,故所缺句理所当然意为“如果这些措施起作用……”,正确选项为E。
探秘:行文中,前后两句话之间有first(首先,第一),second(第二),third(第三);firstly(第一,首先),secondly(第二,其次),thirdly(第三);first(第一),next(其次),then(那么,然后);in the first place(第一,首先),in the second place(第二,其次);for one thing(首先,一则),for another(其次);to begin with(首先,第一),to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组,则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系,此时,可以从行文逻辑上的并列关系角度将此句设题。
【真题链接6】(2015课标全国卷Ⅱ)
When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 17 .
E.If they still feel good, you can begin running in them
[试题解析]E 考查上下文的语境理解。根据该空前面提供的语境“When you have found shoes that seem right,walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit.”可知E选项中they指的是前面提到的shoes,属于指代一致性,另外feel good与the fit有关。穿着合适的鞋再进行跑步训练与E中的“you can begin running in them”一致。
探秘:英语表达中,代词出现的频率极高,代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念,巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异巧妙设题,考生可以依次准确而快速地解题。
【真题链接7】(2016课标全国卷Ⅱ)
A garden that’s just right for you
Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(总和 ) of its parts? 36 .But it doesn’t happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.
F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too
[试题解析]F 上句提到了氛围,F项中“that kind of magical quality”指代上句中的内容“the atmosphere of the garden”,二者语义相同。故选F项。
探秘:英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用,这是一个很好的设题依据。其实就其本质而言,上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。
【真题链接8】(2014北京卷)
Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. Think about the type of study. 72
D. And examine the findings of the original research.
[试题解析]D 根据本段的第一句“Go to the original source.”可以知道这里的线索词为original,因此结合同义词或者近义词的特点,即前后言语之间的同义词或者近义词甚至相同词汇的重复使用的特点,从所给的几个选项中,找出解题的线索,因此根据核心词original,可以选出D,因为里面包含着original,并且D项中的findings和research与本段上文中的Find out 和research对应,故D选项能够用在这里进行上下文的衔接。
探秘:上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很巧妙地设题。
【真题链接9】(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)
37 . Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
A. If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no
【篇章图解】人的本质是社会属性,故我们在日常生活中难免会受他人的干扰;那么怎样排除干扰而又不伤害对方呢?本文就此提出了几点良好的建议。
[试题解析]A 根据后文Tell the person you’re sorry and explain...可知,本段讲述的是可对干扰者表示拒绝,故表示这一含意的A项可为本段的主题句。
【真题链接10】(2014北京卷)
Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information.Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71
G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.
【篇章图解】本文为说明文,话题为健康评估。全文就健康信息的评估来源问题,即如何识别正确的健康信息,向读者提供了一些建议。以上示例为全文的第一段,讲述健康信息评估的来源内容。
[试题解析]G 这个选项是一个段落的结尾句,这种选项通常起着总结上文、提示下文的功能。根据文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建议,因此本空引出了下文的多个建议。故选择G项。
探秘:如果主题句出现在段首,而且其后文在意思上是紧密衔接的,与其有某种衔接手段,那么此主题句适合设题。在解题时,认真阅读后文内容,根据段落一致性原则,考生可以查找同义词或其他相关的词,推断出主题句。
如果某个语句中有表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词,如:therefore,as a result,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,to conclude,in a word等词语,则表明该语句是结论、概括性语句。通常这样的主题性语句会出现在段落末尾。此时,该语句适合设题。
[温馨提示]整体上,七选五阅读理解题主要通过“主旨概括句(涉及文章整体内容)”“过渡性句子(涉及文章结构)”和“注释性句子(涉及上下文逻辑意义)”三个类型的备选项来主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握能力。
下面从宏观上探讨总结一下“七选五”型阅读理解的命题规律与特点。
1.文章选材:七选五阅读理解题的文章选材具有两个特点:
一是文章内容贴近考生、贴近生活,具有新颖性且时代感较强,体现考纲的指导思想,即“重视‘新材料、新情境’的创设与运用,测试考生的综合语言运用能力”。具体见下表:
2015—2017年七选五阅读选材统计
二是文章内容逻辑性强,结构严谨,层次分明,便于学生在阅读的基础上进行综合理解,并对于一些信息进行概括或充分表达。
2.文章长度:文章的选择不能太长或太短,文章长度与整套试题中阅读的总词数有关,一般在200~300词之间,但近年总词数有上升趋势。具体见下表:
2015—2017年七选五阅读文章词数统计
3.文体选择:文章体裁以说明文和议论文为主,两种文体的结构都比较清晰,过程完整,适合考查对主题句、过渡句等的概括和总结。单纯以时间或事件为线索的记叙文不宜考查逻辑思维能力,因而在高考中出现的几率较小。具体见下表:
2015—2017年七选五阅读体裁统计
4.设题方式:文章的首句一般不会设空(有小标题的题除外)。能够填入空白处的最佳选项多为段落主题句、段落总结句、承上启下句、关键论点支撑句或全篇概括归纳句等。所给的七个选项中有两个选项干扰性较强,而且所给的选项中,有的选项区分度不大,容易造成考生由于一处误选导致多处错答的情况出现,因此试题难度比常规阅读试题有所增加。