颅内动脉瘤支架辅助栓塞术中急性血栓形成的治疗

2018-05-16 11:35刘伟王卓然郭庆东张鑫伟张磊付洛安费舟
中华神经外科疾病研究杂志 2018年2期
关键词:弹簧圈罗非班栓塞

刘伟 王卓然 郭庆东* 张鑫伟 张磊 付洛安 费舟

(1空军军医大学西京医院神经外科,陕西 西安 710032; 2空军军医大学学员一旅一营二连,陕西 西安 710032)

随着支架材料的广泛应用,支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤栓塞技术应用越来越多,尤其应用于宽颈动脉瘤及夹层动脉瘤中[1]。支架提供机械保护,防止弹簧圈脱出到载瘤动脉中,同时支架网眼为血管内皮提供附着点,促进动脉瘤颈重塑,支架可以改变动脉瘤颈处血流方向,促进瘤腔内血流减慢形成血栓[2]。随着临床病例积累,相应并发症也逐渐显现,支架内血栓形成导致缺血发作是支架辅助栓塞技术中较常见的并发症之一。如何预防和处理支架内血栓事件发生,仍有许多争论之处。我们对西京医院2012年1月至2015年1月行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤术中急性血栓形成患者进行总结,现报告如下。

对象与方法

一、一般资料

2012年1月至2015年1月共276例支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤患者,支架包括Solitaire、Enterprise,其中支架内急性血栓形成16例,其中男12例,女4例;年龄31~65岁,平均年龄50.3岁;囊性动脉瘤14例,夹层动脉瘤2例;破裂动脉瘤9例,未破裂动脉瘤7例;其中前交通动脉瘤5例,基底动脉动脉瘤5例,颈内动脉后交通段动脉瘤4例,大脑中动脉动脉瘤2例。

二、介入手术治疗方案及方法

破裂动脉瘤手术患者全身静脉复合麻醉,股动脉穿刺前阿司匹林肠溶300 mg,硫酸氢氯吡格雷片300 mg,经肛门纳入。未破裂动脉瘤患者术前3~5 d阿司匹林肠溶100 mg,硫酸氢氯吡格雷片75 mg口服。股动脉穿刺成功后按公斤体重给予全身肝素化治疗,术中每1 h候按半量维持。术中尼莫地平注射液4~8 mL/h 持续泵入。术后低分子肝素钙0.4 mL皮下注射2次/d连续3 d,第一天开始均给予阿司匹林肠溶100 mg,硫酸氢氯吡格雷片75 mg口服1次/d。所有手术均采用支架平行释放技术,栓塞导管为Echelon-10,支架导管为Rebar-18,Prowler。其中14例囊性动脉瘤均采用单支架与微导管平行释放技术辅助弹簧圈栓塞,1例夹层动脉瘤采用双支架后释放辅助弹簧圈栓塞。在支架释放后发现有支架内血栓形成8例,支架载瘤动脉远端小血管闭塞8例。未破裂动脉瘤采用替罗非班联合动脉接触性溶栓和静脉溶栓5例;已破裂动脉瘤使用替罗非班联合动脉接触性溶栓和静脉溶栓2例,采用Solitaire AB取栓2例,采用微导管微导丝通过血栓部位3例,未做处理4例。

结 果

一、血栓发现时间和治疗方案选择

16例患者共16枚动脉瘤均达到致密栓塞,支架均一次释放及调整完毕。14例患者在动脉瘤治疗术中发现支架内血栓形成,其中9例在支架释放结束填塞最后一枚弹簧圈时发现支架内血栓形成。2例患者在手术结束麻醉苏醒后3~6 h出现意识不清等情况,急诊复查头颅CT除外再出血,立即进造影手术室复查造影,如病例1、10(图1、2)。前交通动脉瘤治疗术中,已在术前评估对侧颈内动脉代偿情况,若代偿情况良好则不予术中特殊处理,如病例3、4。若对称颈内动脉不经过前交通动脉代偿供血,则给予溶栓或微导管微导丝通过治疗。椎基底动脉动脉瘤术中发生血栓形成,若位于椎基底动脉汇合处则,行对侧椎动脉和同侧颈内动脉后交通动脉造影代偿良好,可不予特殊处理,如病例6、7、8。代偿不良好则给予溶栓或微导管微导丝通过治疗,如病例9、10。颈内动脉动脉瘤若支架内血栓形成,颈动脉主干血流受影响,则给予溶栓或微导管微导丝通过治疗,如病例12、13、14。若后交通动脉受到影响,而同侧椎动脉造影大脑后动脉供血良好,则不予处理,如病例11。大脑中动脉动脉瘤支架内血栓形成,未破裂动脉瘤则给予积极溶栓或微导管微导丝通过治疗,如病例15;已破裂动脉瘤单纯给予微导管微导丝通过血栓部位疏通血管,如病例16(表1)。

图1 一例64岁女性颅内动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血患者(病例1)

Fig 1 One 64-year old female patient with ruptured intracranial aneurysm (Case No.1)

A: The left internal carotid artery angiography showed no development of bilateral anterior cerebral artery; B: AcoAn was seen on the right internal carotid artery; C: A Solitaire 4 mm×20 mm stent was placed on the right side of the A1/2 to assist the embolization of aneurysms, and the embolization effect was satisfactory; D: After anesthesia recovery for 3 h, the consciousness became worse gradually, and then the stent thrombosis was seen in angiography, the right A1 was accumulated, and the right middle cerebral artery; E: The Rebar-18 micro catheter was inserted into the site of thrombosis and a Solitaire 4 mm × 20 mm thrombectomy was performed; F: Left side internal carotid angiography without compensation; G: Recovery of blood flow after thrombectomy and thrombolysis.

表1 动脉瘤术中支架内血栓形成患者一般情况

Tab 1 Stent thrombosis in patients with aneurysms

CaseSexAgeAneurysmsiteTreatmentmethodsDisposalresult 1F64AcoAn(ruptured)Tirofibanthrombolysis;stentthrombectomyRebleeding;Death 2M47AcoAn(ruptured)UsemicrowirethroughRecanalization;withoutneurologicdeficits 3M45AcoAn(ruptured)UntreatedGoodbloodsupply;withoutneurologicdeficits 4M42AcoAn(ruptured)UntreatedGoodbloodsupply;withoutneurologicdeficits 5M57AcoAn(ruptured)UsemicrowirethroughRecanalization;recheckblock 6M54BaAn(ruptured)UntreatedBilateralposteriorcerebralarteryocclusion;PcoAwaswellcompensated;withoutneurologicaldeficits 7M31VB⁃An(un⁃ruptured)UntreatedArterialocclusion;wellcompensated;withoutneurologicaldeficits 8M45VB⁃An(un⁃ruptured)UntreatedArterialocclusion;wellcompensated;withoutneurologicaldeficits 9M42BaAn(un⁃ruptured)TirofibanthrombolysisRecanalization;withoutneurologicdeficits 10F52BaAn(un⁃ruptured)TirofibanthrombolysisRecanalization;posteriorcranialnervedisorder;leftlimbmusclestrength4;drinkingwatercough;hoarsevoice;wellcompensated;withoutneurologicaldeficits 11F65PcoAn(ruptured)UntreatedWellcompensated;withoutneurologicaldeficits 12M50PcoAn(ruptured)Tirofibanthrombolysis,stentthrombectomyRecanalization;withoutneurologicdeficits 13M51OaAn(un⁃ruptured)Tirofibanthrombolysis,usemicrowirethroughRecanalization;withoutneurologicdeficits 14F51PcoAn(un⁃ruptured)TirofibanthrombolysisRecanalization;recheckblock 15M64MCAn(un⁃ruptured)TirofibanthrombolysisOcclusion;leftupperextremity;musclestrengthGrade3 16M42MCAn(ruptured)UsemicrowirethroughRecanalization;recheckblock;aphasia;rightupperandlowerlimbmusclestrength3⁃4

图2 一例52岁女性未破裂动脉瘤患者(病例10)

Fig 2 One 52-year old female patient with un-ruptured BaAn (Case No. 10)

A: The right common carotid artery angiography showed that the right internal carotid artery was occluded, the anterior cerebral artery was not developed, and the right middle cerebral artery was poorly developed; B: The right vertebral artery angiography showed an aneurysm at the top of the basilar artery. The right posterior cerebral artery was compensated by the posterior communicating artery to the right middle cerebral artery; C: An Enterprise 4.5 mm×22.0 mm stent was placed in the basilar artery and the right posterior cerebral artery aneurysm was embolized. The effect is good, and the basilar artery and bilateral posterior cerebral artery patency was observed; D: Six hours after operation, the patient was agitated with the left limb weakness, and then the angiography revealed stent thrombosis, the right posterior cerebral artery developed poorly, and the right middle cerebral artery was not developed; E: Using a Rebar-18 micro catheter through the right posterior cerebral artery thrombosis site to find the posterior communicating artery angiography can be seen in the right middle cerebral artery development, along with thrombosis in the site of arterial contact thrombolysis; F: After 20 min, the right posterior cerebral artery was re-opened and the right middle cerebral artery was developed.

二、疗效评估

全部患者术中溶栓后均复查DSA,动脉瘤均致密填塞。血栓形成的部位经治疗后血流通畅。替罗非班使用量为0.4 g/kg 5 min由到达血栓形成部位的微导管内进行动脉接触性溶栓,5 min后改为0.1 g/kg·min,本组病例均在10~70 min获得再通,再通后显影不佳再行支架取栓2例。血管再通后,撤出微导管,改为静脉持续10 mL/h,持续给予3 d泵入,监测凝血酶原时间和纤维蛋白原含量。

三、术后及随访情况

该组病例中病例1,前交通动脉瘤由左侧颈内动脉优势供血,右侧颈内动脉造影双侧大脑前动脉均不显影,手术顺利,动脉瘤栓塞致密,术后双侧大脑前动脉显影良好。麻醉复苏后3 h患者出现烦躁不安,复查CT未见颅内再出血。立即给予再次行全脑血管造影,左侧颈内动脉造影发现支架内血栓形成,双侧大脑前动脉均不显影,血栓波及到左侧大脑中动脉,虽经积极动静脉联合溶栓并支架取栓,患者于术后36 h死亡。该组病例中病例12,颈内动脉后交通段动脉瘤,动脉瘤栓塞术中支架内血栓形成,颈内动脉血流缓慢,后交通动脉动脉不显影,经动静脉联合溶栓并支架取栓,约30 min后血管再通良好。未处理组患者因术前术中评估完善,本组经随访均有小血管闭塞,但无神经功能障碍遗留。微导管微导丝通过4例,即刻再通4例,复查闭塞2例,闭塞2例均有神经功能障碍表现(病例5、16)。

讨 论

血栓形成导致缺血发作是弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤中较常见并发症之一[3]。支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤技术越来越多应用于临床,并取得良好疗效[4-5]。支架辅助动脉瘤栓塞能够提高动脉瘤内致密栓塞率,防止弹簧圈脱出或游走,并由于支架网丝覆盖瘤口而改变局部血流,为血管内膜再生提供支架,有利于动脉瘤颈再塑形和内皮化达到解剖治愈。金属支架本身为异物,手术中推送释放调整支架均对血管壁形成刺激,在血管内引起血小板聚集形成血栓。颅内动脉瘤手术患者术前大部分患者未经过规范化抗血小板治疗等术前准备,支架内急性血栓形成发生率更高[6-7]。Derdeyn[8]统计约11%栓塞术中出现血栓,形成从动脉瘤腔可扩展至载瘤动脉,缺血事件可发生在术中、术后几小时或几天内。Qureshi等[9]报道1547例栓塞动脉瘤患者,127例出现缺血发作,其中80例发生在手术当中。因此重视支架内血栓形成,强调超早期复查造影,及早处理,可以降低血栓形成带来的严重后果。

替罗非班对血小板Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体具有高度的选择性和特异性,它能阻止血小板Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体与纤维蛋白原的结合,从而抑制血小板聚集,究其原因是因为替罗非班是一种非肽类血小板表面糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂。替罗非班给药5 min中就可起效,30 min后对血小板的抑制作用可以达到90%,而且停药后约3 h血小板功能基本恢复[10-11]。有文献报道在蛛网膜下腔出血急性期支架辅助颅内动脉瘤栓塞术前给予静脉注射替罗非班预防血栓形成,18例患者中有1例因再出血死亡[12]。Chalouhi N[13]报道16例蛛网膜下腔出血患者支架辅助栓塞术前给予替罗非班静脉注射0.4 g/kg·min持续30 min,然后0.1 g/kg·min维持。其中3例发生颅内再出血,与对照组比较得出30 min较大起始量的替罗非班似乎有高的脑出血风险,而较低维持量的替罗非班在动脉瘤破裂情况下也是非常安全和有效的。Liang[14]报道221例颅内动脉瘤破裂出血患者,在支架释放前给予8.0 g/kg超过3 min静脉注射,然后0.1 g/kg·min维持。6例发生颅内再出血,其中2例为致死性脑出血。他们认为替罗非班静脉注射在支架辅助动脉瘤栓塞术中预防血栓性事件是一种安全,有效的治疗方案。本组病例在破裂动脉瘤术中发生血栓性事件后使用替罗非班静脉注射0.4 g /kg·min动脉接触性溶栓持续30 min,然后0.1 g/kg·min静脉注射维持2例,其中一例发生再出血导致死亡,一例获得良好效果。未破裂动脉瘤使用替罗非班溶栓5例,均取得良好效果,无再出血事件发生。破裂动脉瘤术中血栓形成使用替罗非班动脉接触性溶栓所带来更大的再出血风险。故本组病例治疗中破裂动脉瘤若术中发生血栓形成,我们先评估其他血管代偿情况,再评估血栓形成带来的危害性。若代偿良好,我们不予特殊处理也能得到良好结果(病例3、4、6、11)。若血栓形成危害性较大涉及大血管(病例1),或基底动脉栓塞(病例12),可能导致严重后果,那么使用替罗非班动脉接触性溶栓是值得的。那么对于破裂动脉瘤,术中支架内血栓发生导致小血管栓塞,可能带来神经功能损伤等后果,不建议冒险使用替罗非班。本组2、5、16病例采用微导管微导丝通过血栓形成部位,即刻再通血管,经复查有2例发生闭塞,并出现神经功能障碍。未发生如死亡或严重神经功能损伤,亦获得较满意效果。

故未破裂动脉瘤术中血栓形成使用替罗非班动脉接触性溶栓联合静脉给药是安全有效的。已破裂动脉瘤术中血栓形成后使用替罗非班动脉接触性溶栓联合静脉给药溶栓治疗方法的安全有效性仍需进一步观察,可使用微导管微导丝通过的办法达到血管再通。

参 考 文 献

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12石尧, 李贵福, 朱吉祥, 等. 替罗非班在急性蛛网膜下腔出血支架辅助动脉瘤栓塞术中的应用 [J]. 中国社区医师, 2015, 31(23): 19-20, 22.

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