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在英语中,句子中的谓语动词在人称和单、复数形式上必须和主语保持一致,这就是我们通常说的“主谓一致”。这一点看似简单,但在实际运用中却常常遇到麻烦。一般情况下,主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则来支配:语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。
语法一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,则谓语亦采取复数形式。例如:He often helps me learn English.(他经常帮我学英语。)My friends often help me learn English.(我的朋友们经常帮我学英语。)
但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不止上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:
1. 不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如:To teach is to learn.(教学相长。);Eating vegetables is good for you.(吃蔬菜对你好。)
2. 不定代词either、neither、each one、the other、another、anybody、anyone、anything、someone、somebody、something、everyone、everybody、everything、nobody、no one、nothing等在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数。例如:Everyone is ready for the sports meeting.(大家都为运动会做好准备了。);Neither of my sisters likes sports.(我的姐妹中没有人喜欢运动。)
【例1】Each of the club members ________ ready to help those who were in trouble.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
【解析】“each of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数;由于后面句子“who were in trouble”中的谓语用一般过去时态,因此前面空格上也要用一般过去时。故本题答案为C。
【例2】One of my friends ________ moved to America. I miss her so much.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
【解析】句意:我的一个朋友搬到美国了,我很想念她。后一句是前一句的影响和后果,因此前一句用现在完成时;主语是one,用单数,所以本题答案为A。
3. 表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:One Thousand and One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories.(《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。)
4. a kind of、the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.(这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。);The number of workers in the factory is 400.(这个工厂里的工人数量是四百。)
5. 由some (of)、several、both、few、many、a number of等词修饰的主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数。
例如:On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball.(在海边,有些人在打排球。);Both of us are fond of watching football games.(我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。);A number of willbe graduates are voluntarily going to work in the west of China.(许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。)
6. 有些表示数量的百分数、分数等后面加名词或代词作主语时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如:a lot of、most of、any of、half of、three fifths of、eighty percent of、some of、none of、the rest of、all of等后接不可数名词或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其后接可数名词的复数形式作主语,则应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。例如:A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. (昨天那家商店丢失了许多钱。);A lot of students are from England in the school. (那个学校里很多学生来自英国。)
7. 由both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Both his father and his mother are teachers.(他的爸爸和妈妈都是老师。)
【例】—Both Li Lei and Han Meimei ________ fond of the TV program A Bite of China.
—I am also deeply moved by its stories!
A. is B. were C. was D. are
【解析】both Li Lei and Han Meimei作主语,因而谓语动词使用复数形式,排除A、C;根据答句可知时态为一般现在时,故选D。
这一原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义也应用单数形式。
1. 当主语后面接由but、except、besides、as well as、as much as、including、more than、no less than、rather than、together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语。例如:The students, together with their teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend.(学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。)
我们完全可以将上面句子中together with引导的词组搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语,即“The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.”
【例1】July with her brother ________ computer games when her mother came back.
A. were playing B. are playing C. was playing D. is playing
【解析】表示过去的某个时间段或时间点正在发生的动作,用过去进行时,因而只能选A或C;另外,谓语动词要与介词with前的主语July保持一致,故选C。
【例2】A woman with two children ________ along the street at the moment.
A. is walking B. are walking C. walk D. walks【解析】句子的主语是a woman,谓语动词用单数,结合at the moment(此刻),句子应用现在进行时,故选A。
2. 表示时间、长度、价格、质量等的短语作主语时,应将它们作为一个整体看待,即使其中的名词为复数形式,谓语动词也应用第三人称单数形式。例如:Three years has already passed quickly.(三年的时间很快过去了。);Twenty years stands for a long period in one’s life.(二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。)
【例1】Thanks to that organization, some money ________ given to the poor children.
A. was B. were C. are D. has
【解析】句子中some money作主语且为不可数名词,谓语动词要用单数形式;又根据句意:“多亏了那个组织,一些钱已送到贫困孩子那里。”要用被动语态,故选A。
【例2】—How much is the pair of shoes?
—Twenty dollars ________ enough.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
【解析】根据文意,twenty dollars应看成一个整体,表示单数概念,故选A。
3.“the + 形容词”作主语若表示一类人,谓语动词用复数;若表示一种抽象概念或品质,谓语动词用单数。例如:The sick here are very well cared for.(这里的病人都被照顾得很好。);The beautiful gives pleasure to all of us.(美带给我们大家快乐。)
4. 由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼老师来了。(作家和老师指同一个人);The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个不同的人)
5. 主语为集体名词,如family、team、crowd、company、class、group、government等,若表示整体概念,其谓语动词须用单数形式;若表示集体中的成员,其谓语动词须用复数形式。例如:My family is a small one with three people. (我家是一个只有三口人的小家庭。);My family all like music. (我们全家都喜欢音乐。)
6. 还有一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词,如trousers、pants、shorts、glasses等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的。但当这类名词前有a pair of修饰时,谓语动词应用单数。例如:This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou. (这条裤子产于杭州。)
有时谓语动词的形式与主语并不一致,却与邻近它的名词一致,这种原则叫就近原则,就近原则多用在不甚严肃的文体中。
1. 由either…or…、neither…nor…、not only…but (also)…、not…but…或or连接两个并列主语时,其谓语动词的单复数形式须与并列主语中较“邻近”的那部分保持一致。例如:Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. (不是我就是他们要对那件事的结果负责。);Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. (他家人和他都不知道那件事。)
【例】—Do you like your new T-shirt?
—Yes. Not only I but also my mother ________ it.
A. likes B. like C. doesn’t like D. didn’t like
【解析】not only…but also…谓语动词的确定属就近原则。由于my mother是单数形式,故选A。
2. 以here或there开头的句子,若主语在两个或两个以上,谓语动词通常与邻近的主语一致。
例如:There is a book and three pens on the desk. (桌子上有一本书和三支钢笔。);Here are some books and paper for you. (这是给你的书和纸。)
【例】There ________ still some milk and eggs in the fridge. It’s not necessary to go to the store today.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
【解析】这是一个“there be”结构的句子,离系动词be最近的是不可数名词milk,故根据就近原则,正确答案选B。