晏建国 郭瑛 朱文凤 罗萍 胡飞 李金凤 欧阳贤凤
【摘 要】目的:比較阿司匹林(ASA)和低分子量肝素(LMWH)在来那度胺治疗多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)患者中,预防静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的疗效和安全性。方法:通过计算机进行系统文献检索,采用Cochrane协作网系统评价法,纳入来那度胺治疗多发性骨髓瘤的随机对照试验(RCT)和观察性队列研究进行回顾性分析。结果:共纳入了9项研究,1298例使用ASA或低分子肝素预防来那度胺治疗新诊断的多发性骨髓瘤(NDMM)或复发/难治性骨髓瘤(RRMM)静脉血栓形成。患者的TE风险更高汇总数据研究表明,ASA预防来那度胺治疗NDMM总的VTE发生率10.6%[ 95% CI:8.7-12.4],尚未发现ASA用于预防来那度胺治疗RRMM研究。低分子肝素预防来那度胺治疗NDMM和RRMM患者总的VTE发生率为1.4%[ 95% CI:0.48 - 4.09 ] 。在以来那度胺为基础治疗的NDMM中,使用ASA预防静脉血栓,RD方案的VTE发生率为18.9%[ 95%CI:14.9-23.0 ],而Rd的VTE发生率为10.3%[ 95% CI:6.6-14.0 ],两者比较具有显著意义(P﹤0.0001 );在NDMM中,使用ASA预防静脉血栓,单纯以来那度胺联合地塞米松(RD + Rd)的VTE发生率为20.2%[ 95% CI:16.5-24.0 ],而单纯MPR方案的VTE发生率为4.2%[ 95% CI:2.3 - 6.0 ],两者比较具有显著意义(P﹤0.0001 )。结论:对于以来那度胺为基础的治疗多发性骨髓瘤患者,目前最常用的血栓预防方案是ASA。在NDMM中,使用ASA预防静脉血栓栓塞,RD方案的VTE发生率明显高于Rd方案,单纯以来那度胺联合地塞米松(RD + Rd)的VTE发生率明显高于单纯MPR方案。因此,ASA可能不适于RD方案静脉血栓栓塞预防,但可能是MPR方案一个安全的选择。在未来的研究中,需要更多的研究比较ASA与LMWH的疗效和安全性。
【关键词】来那度胺;骨髓瘤;静脉血栓;预防
ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of aspirin (ASA) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with lenalidomide.METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed by computer, and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and an observational cohort study of lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma were retrospectively analyzed using the Cochrane Collaboration Systematic Review.RESULTS: A total of 9 studies were included, with 1298 patients using ASA or low molecular weight heparin to prevent lenalidomide in the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) or relapsed/refractory myeloma (RRMM) venous thrombosis. Patients with higher risk of TE. Summary data studies showed that ASA prevented lenalidomide from treating NDMM with a total VTE rate of 10.6% [95% CI: 8.7-12.4]. ASA has not been found to prevent lenalidomide treatment of RRMM studies. Low molecular weight heparin prevented lenalidomide in patients with NDMM and RRMM. The overall VTE rate was 1.4% [95% CI: 0.48 - 4.09]. In nalamide-based NDMM, ASA was used to prevent venous thrombosis. The incidence of VTE in RD regimen was 18.9% [95% CI: 14.9-23.0], while the incidence of VTE in Rd was 10.3% [95% CI :6.6-14.0], the two were significant (P<0.0001); in NDMM, ASA was used to prevent venous thrombosis, and the incidence of VTE in lenalidomide combined with dexamethasone (RD + Rd) was 20.2% [ 95% CI: 16.5-24.0], and the incidence of VTE in the simple MPR regimen was 4.2% [95% CI: 2.3 - 6.0], which was significant (P < 0.0001).Conclusion: The most commonly used thromboprophylaxis regimen for lenalidomide-based treatment of multiple myeloma is ASA. In NDMM, the use of ASA to prevent venous thromboembolism, the incidence of VTE in RD regimen was significantly higher than that in Rd regimen. The incidence of VTE in lenalidomide combined with dexamethasone (RD + Rd) was significantly higher than that in simple MPR regimen. Therefore, ASA may not be suitable for RD regimen venous thromboembolism, but may be a safe option for MPR regimens. In future studies, more research is needed to compare the efficacy and safety of ASA with LMWH.
Key words: lenalidomide; myeloma; venous thromboembolism; prevention.
【中图分类号】R733.3 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1005-0019(2018)19-0-01
静脉血栓栓塞是癌症患者死亡的第常见原因之一。在血液系统恶性肿瘤中,多发性骨髓瘤(MM)静脉血栓栓塞发生风险最高,尤其是接受免疫调节药物(MM)治疗时,其静脉血栓栓塞发生率明显增加,各国临床指南均建议进行静脉血栓栓塞预防。然而,已有的几种不同的静脉血栓栓塞预防策略存在争议,目前尚未建立最佳有效的预防策略。因此,本文比较阿司匹林(ASA)和低分子量肝素(LMWH)在来那度胺治疗多发性骨髓瘤患者中,预防静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的疗效和安全性。
1 资料和方法
1.1 数据源和搜索策略
计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、MEDLINE、EMBASE、PubMed、万方数据库、中国知网(C N K I)检索相關文献,并辅以引文检索和手工检索,获取基本数据。无语言或出版类型限制。
1.2 纳入标准
通过阅读摘要回顾所有相关文献充分确保满足以下标准:(1)来那段治疗多发性骨髓瘤患者的随机对照试验(RCT)和观察性队列研究(前瞻性或回顾性研究);(2)使用ASA(任何剂量)或低分子肝素(达肝素,亭扎肝素,依诺肝素)预防静脉血栓栓塞;(3)一个或多个原发或继发的结果报告,排除I期、II期临床研究或者重复数据报告。
1.3 结果指标
主要结局指标:在使用ASA或LMWH预防情况下,所有静脉血栓栓塞事件的发生率,包括深静脉血栓(DVT)和/或肺栓塞(PE)。次要结局指标:血栓预防策略引起的所有出血、大出血发生率和所有死亡病例。
1.4 数据提取与质量评估
两名评审员根据纳入标准,独立完成从最初搜索策略到确定文章的资格,对所有潜在的相关文章进行了全面审查,并且通过讨论解决分歧。所选择的前瞻性或回顾性队列研究是根据纽卡斯尔渥太华质量评估量表评估的方法学进行质量评估,以及偏置试验风险根据Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具评估(http://www.cochrane.org/资源/手册)。
1.5 统计分析
统计数据使用SPSS19.0进行统计分析,主要应用95%可信区间(CI)进行描述,必要时直接使用RevMan5.0软件进行随机效应模型的meta分析。
2 结果
2.1 搜索策略
通过阅读文献的题目和摘要进行初检后,共检索出889篇文献,然后再阅读文献的全文并根据文献的纳入和排除标准,最终纳入系统评价的有9篇文献,试验组和对照组患者基线资料(年龄 、性别 、肿瘤类型等 )都具有可比性。文献检索与筛选流程图文献检索策略的详细信息如图1所示
2.2 描述研究
9研究包括1289例以来那度胺为基础治疗的多发性骨髓瘤患者,且均接受ASA或LMWH进行静脉血栓预防。有3个观察性前瞻性研究,5个III期随机对照试验和1个观察性回顾性研究。纳入研究的基本特征见表1。
NDMM:新诊断的多发性骨髓瘤患者;RRMM:复发或难治性骨髓瘤患者;RD:来那度胺+高地塞米松;RD:来那度胺+小剂量地塞米松;MPR:美法仑+泼尼松龙+来那度胺
2.3 VTE预防策略
3.3.1 ASA与LMWH的主要结局疗效
所有研究数据显示,ASA预防来那度胺治疗NDMM总的VTE发生率10.6%[ 95% CI:8.7-12.4] (表2),尚未发现ASA用于预防来那度胺治疗RRMM研究。低分子肝素预防来那度胺治疗NDMM和RRMM患者总的VTE发生率为1.4%[ 95% CI:0.48 - 4.09 ] (表3)。
从研究发现,以来那度胺为基础治疗的NDMM中,使用ASA预防静脉血栓,RD方案的VTE发生率为18.9%[ 95%CI:14.9-23.0 ](表4),而Rd的VTE发生率为10.3%[ 95% CI:6.6-14.0 ](表5),两者比较具有显著意义(P﹤0.0001 )。
在NDMM中使用ASA预防静脉血栓,单纯以来那度胺联合地塞米松(RD + Rd)的VTE发生率为20.2%[ 95% CI:16.5-24.0 ](表6),而单纯MPR方案的VTE发生率为4.2%[ 95% CI:2.3 - 6.0 ](表7),两者比较具有显著意义(P﹤0.0001 )。
4 次要结局
ASA与LMWH的安全性
所有ASA研究中均无大出血率的报道。有4项研究有死亡率报道,均未报道死亡原因[2,5,8,9]。在LMWH预防的两项研究中,无大出血事件发生,其中Klein等[3]的研究有17%死亡率,未报道死亡原因。
3 讨论
据报道,多发性骨髓瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的发生率在3%-10%[10,11];当接受免疫调节药物(IMiDs)治疗时,尤其是联合糖皮质激素和/或细胞毒性化疗的前六个月,静脉血栓栓塞的风险会明显增加[12-14];此外,在接受IMiDs治疗时,复发性或难治性多发性骨髓瘤患者(RRMM)VTE风险明显高于新诊断多发性骨髓瘤(NDMM)患者[12]。
来那度胺是第二代IMID,其结合高或低剂量地塞米松在治疗NDMM和RRMM具有良好的疗效和耐受性[15]。然而,研究显示,在接受来那度胺联合地塞米松方案中, NDMM和 RRMM的VTE发生率分别为67%和15%,前者明显高于后者[16]。此外,在RRMM中,无抗凝剂使用情况下,来那度胺联合地塞米松治疗VTE发生率是单独使用地塞米松治疗的4.4倍[16];研究一致表明,MM患者接受来那度胺联合地塞米松治疗需要进行静脉血栓栓塞的预防[17]。各国临床指南均建议进行静脉血栓栓塞预防。然而,均未尚未建立最佳有效的预防策略。
本研究系统回顾发现,在预防以来那度胺为基础治疗多发性骨髓瘤患者VTE风险中,无论患者VTE风险分层如何,大多数临床试验和观察性研究选择低剂量阿司匹林预防VTE。总体研究显示,共纳入了9项研究,1298例使用ASA或低分子肝素预防来那度胺治疗NDMM或RRMM静脉血栓形成。汇总数据研究表明,ASA预防来那度胺治疗NDMM总的VTE发生率10.6%[ 95% CI:8.7-12.4],尚未发现ASA用于预防来那度胺治疗RRMM研究。低分子肝素预防来那度胺治疗NDMM和RRMM患者总的VTE发生率为1.4%[ 95% CI:0.48 - 4.09 ] 。在以来那度胺为基础治疗的NDMM中,使用ASA预防静脉血栓,RD方案的VTE发生率为18.9%[ 95%CI:14.9-23.0 ],而Rd的VTE发生率为10.3%[ 95% CI:6.6-14.0 ],两者比较具有显著意义(P﹤0.0001 );在NDMM中,使用ASA预防静脉血栓,单纯以来那度胺联合地塞米松(RD + Rd)的VTE发生率为20.2%[ 95% CI:16.5-24.0 ],而单纯MPR方案的VTE发生率为4.2%[ 95% CI:2.3 - 6.0 ],两者比较具有显著意义(P﹤0.0001 )。
本系统研究存在一定局限性。主要表现在以下几个方面:1.纳入9项研究中,8项使用ASA,一项比较ASA与LMWH,一项单独使用LMWH。因此,不能通过一个有效的meta分析比较使用ASA或LMWH患者VTE的风险。2.本研究不能够做一个正式的NDMM和RRMM 患者VTE风险之间的比较,因为只有一项研究RRMM研究;由于出血和死亡率很少报道,无法进行meta分析。3.只有1项评估VTE的预防策略研究的作为主要疗效结果,其余8项将预防药物的疗效和安全性作为次要的结果报道,这可能会影响结果的质量。4.未获得其他药物与来那度胺联合治疗多发性骨髓瘤患者预防VTE发生率的数据,如蒽环类药物、硼替佐米等。
对于以来那度胺为基础的治疗多发性骨髓瘤患者,目前最常用的血栓预防方案是ASA。在NDMM中,使用ASA预防静脉血栓栓塞,RD方案的VTE發生率明显高于Rd方案,单纯以来那度胺联合地塞米松(RD + Rd)的VTE发生率明显高于单纯MPR方案。因此,ASA可能不适于RD方案静脉血栓栓塞预防,但可能是MPR方案一个安全的选择。在未来的研究中,需要更多的研究比较ASA与LMWH的疗效和安全性。
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