初阳,孙刚(辽宁中医药大学附属医院麻醉科,沈阳110032)
不同剂量纳布啡联合丙泊酚对宫腔镜手术患者麻醉和镇痛效果的影响
初阳*,孙刚#(辽宁中医药大学附属医院麻醉科,沈阳110032)
目的:探讨不同剂量纳布啡联合丙泊酚对宫腔镜手术患者麻醉和镇痛效果的影响。方法:选取2016年2-11月拟行无痛宫腔镜手术的住院患者120例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为P、N1、N2、N3组,各30例。4组患者均进行常规的术前准备,N1、N2和N3组患者分别于1~2 min内缓慢给予盐酸纳布啡注射液0.05、0.10、0.15 mg/kg,iv;注射3 min后,4组患者均给予2%盐酸利多卡因注射液2 mL,iv+丙泊酚注射液1 mg/kg,iv(40 mg/10 s),再缓慢推注(10 mg/10 s)丙泊酚注射液至患者睫毛反射消失、呼之无应答;术中丙泊酚注射液均以6 mg/(kg·h)的速度经微泵输注维持麻醉至手术结束。观察入室时(T0)、丙泊酚推注前(T1)、丙泊酚推注完毕即刻(T2)、扩宫颈时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)和麻醉苏醒时(T5)4组患者的血流动力学指标[收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)]和血氧饱和度(SpO2)水平,以及丙泊酚诱导剂量、维持剂量、总剂量、总给药时间、单位时间剂量和患者麻醉苏醒时间和麻醉苏醒时数字疼痛分级法(NRS)评分,并记录术中及麻醉恢复期的不良反应发生情况。结果:4组患者丙泊酚维持剂量、总给药时间及体动反应、低血压、窦性心动过缓和恶心呕吐的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T0时,4组患者血
流动力学参数及SpO2比较,差异均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。与T0时比较,4组患者SBP在T2时显著降低,N1组在T3、T4时显著降低,N2组在T3时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);4组患者DBP在T2时显著降低,N1组在T3~T5时显著降低,N2组在T3时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);P组患者在T3时HR显著降低,N3组在T5时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);4组患者SpO2在T2时显著降低,N3组在T3时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);N3组患者T1时SpO2显著低于P组,在T2时显著低于其余各组,在T3时显著低于P组和N1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与P组比较,N2、N3组患者丙泊酚诱导剂量、总剂量、单位时间剂量及NRS评分均显著降低;N1、N2和N3组麻醉苏醒时间均显著缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与N1组比较,N2、N3组丙泊酚诱导剂量、总剂量、单位时间剂量和NRS评分均显著降低,麻醉苏醒时间显著缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与N2组比较,N3组丙泊酚诱导剂量、总剂量均显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与P组比较,N3组患者头晕发生率显著增加;与P、N1和N2组比较,N3组患者低氧血症发生率显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:0.10 mg/kg的纳布啡联合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术既能达到良好的麻醉和镇痛效果,又具有较高的安全性。
纳布啡;丙泊酚;宫腔镜手术;麻醉;镇痛
宫腔镜是一项妇科诊疗微创技术,可用于诊断、治疗和随访子宫腔内病变,因该项目操作过程需要扩张并牵拉宫颈、膨胀宫腔引起疼痛,从而使患者不耐受导致检查中断。丙泊酚作为宫腔镜手术常用的静脉镇静药,具有起效快、持续时间短、苏醒平稳快速等优点,但镇痛作用较弱,常需与其他镇痛药物联用。纳布啡是一种激动-拮抗型吗啡类药物,其镇痛活性强、呼吸抑制作用弱、血液动力学指标平稳、成瘾性极低,逐渐成为临床常用的镇痛药物[1]。研究显示,内脏痛的主要发生机制与κ受体有关[2]。因此,具有κ受体激动作用的镇痛药物(如纳布啡)可纳入相关的镇痛方案之中,该类药物用于宫腔镜手术具有一定的抑制内脏痛的优势,但尚未见相关的研究报道。鉴于此,本研究拟探讨不同剂量纳布啡联合丙泊酚对宫腔镜手术患者麻醉和镇痛效果的影响,现报道如下。
纳入标准:(1)符合《宫腔镜诊断和操作技术》中行宫腔镜手术指征[3];(2)年龄35~55岁;(3)体质量45~70 kg,体质量指数(BMI)17.0~27.0 kg/m2;(4)美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级;(5)患者知情同意并签署知情同意书。
排除标准:(1)心、肺疾病患者;(2)严重的肝/肾功能不全者;(3)对本研究药物过敏者;(4)存在镇痛药或酒精滥用史者;(5)长期服用阿片类药物者;(6)存在精神性疾病或心血管疾病史者;(7)手术前晚失眠或过度紧张者。
本研究经医院医学伦理委员会审核批准后,选取2016年2-11月拟行无痛宫腔镜手术的住院患者120例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为P、N1、N2、N3组,各30例。4组患者的年龄、ASA分级、体质量、BMI和手术时间等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,详见表1。
表1 4组患者一般资料比较(n=30)Tab 1 Comparison of general information of patients among 4 groups(n=30)
4组患者均进行常规的术前准备:行数字疼痛分级法(NRS)评分宣教和开放右上肢静脉通路;入室后监测血流动力学指标[收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)]和血氧饱和度(SpO2);取截石位,手术过程中持续给氧,流量为3 L/min。采用双盲法给药,P组患者给予0.9%氯化钠注射液0.15 mL/kg,iv;N1、N2、N3组患者分别于1~2 min内缓慢给予盐酸纳布啡注射液(宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,批准文号:国药准字H20130127,规格:2 mL∶20 mg)0.05、0.10、0.15 mg/kg,iv(均以0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释至0.15 mL/kg)。注射3 min后,4组患者均给予2%盐酸利多卡因注射液2 mL,iv+丙泊酚注射液(英国Astra Zeneca UK Limited,注册证号:国药准字J20130163,规格:20 mL∶200 mg)1 mg/kg,iv(40 mg/10 s),再缓慢推注(10 mg/10 s)丙泊酚注射液至患者睫毛反射消失、呼之无应答后实施宫腔镜手术。术中丙泊酚注射液均以6 mg/(kg·h)的速度经微泵输注维持麻醉至手术结束。若术中患者出现体动反应或对言语刺激有反应时,即刻追加丙泊酚注射液0.5 mg/kg;若效果欠佳,则再次追加丙泊酚注射液0.5 mg/kg。若术中患者HR<50次/min时,给予硫酸阿托品注射液0.005~0.01 mg/kg,iv;若SBP<80 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)时,加快丙泊酚注射液输注速度或给予盐酸麻黄碱注射液0.1~0.2 mg/kg,iv;若SpO2<95%时,托下颌,若SpO2水平无改善或持续下降,给予面罩加压辅助通气。
(1)分别于入室时(T0)、丙泊酚推注前(T1)、丙泊酚推注完毕即刻(T2)、扩宫颈时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)和麻醉苏醒时(T5)观察4组患者的血流动力学指标(SBP、DBP、HR)和SpO2水平。(2)观察4组患者丙泊酚诱导剂量、维持剂量、总剂量、总给药时间(丙泊酚开始推注至停止微泵输注的时间)、单位时间剂量(丙泊酚总剂量与总给药时间之比)、麻醉苏醒时间(退出宫腔镜至患者能自主睁眼的时间)和T5时点的NRS评分(用0~10代表不同程度的疼痛,0为无痛,10为剧痛)。(3)记录4组患者术中及麻醉恢复期的不良反应发生情况。术中的不良反应主要为体动反应、低血压(SBP<80 mmHg)、窦性心动过缓(HR<60次/min)和低氧血症(SpO2<95%);麻醉恢复期的不良反应主要为头晕及恶心呕吐等[3]。
采用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,重复测量资料比较采用重复测量设计的方差分析;计数资料以例数或率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
T0时,4组患者的血流动力学指标和SpO2水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与T0时比较,4组患者SBP在T2时显著降低,N1组患者在T3~T4时显著降低,N2组在T3时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);4组患者DBP在T2时显著降低,N1组患者在T3~T5时显著降低,N2组在T3时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);P组患者HR在T3时显著降低,N3组患者在T5时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);4组患者SpO2在T2时显著降低,N3组在T3时显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);N3组患者SpO2在T1时显著低于P组,在T2时显著低于其余各组,在T3时显著低于P组和N1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),详见表2。
表2 4组患者不同时点血流动力学指标和SpO2水平比较(x±s,n=30)Tab 2Comparison of hemodynamic parameters and SpO2levels among 4 groups at different time points(x±s,n=30)
4组患者丙泊酚维持剂量及总给药时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与P组比较,N2、N3组患者丙泊酚诱导剂量、总剂量、单位时间剂量和NRS评分均显著降低,N1、N2和N3组患者麻醉苏醒时间均显著缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与N1组比较,N2、N3组患者丙泊酚诱导剂量、总剂量、单位时间剂量和NRS评分均显著降低,麻醉苏醒时间显著缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与N2组比较,N3组患者丙泊酚诱导剂量、总剂量均显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),详见表3。
表3 4组患者丙泊酚用量及用药时间、麻醉苏醒时间和NRS评分的比较(x±s,n=30)Tab 3 Comparison of the amount,medication duration of propofol,anesthesia recovery time and NRS scores among 4 groups(x±s,n=30)
4组患者术中体动反应、低血压、窦性心动过缓及麻醉恢复期恶心呕吐的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与P组比较,N3组患者头晕的发生率显著增加;与P、N1和N2组比较,N3组患者低氧血症的发生率显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),详见表4。
宫腔镜手术是诊断和治疗宫腔疾病的一种重要方法,但患者耐受性差,临床常采用丙泊酚单用或联合纯μ受体激动药(如芬太尼和舒芬太尼等)进行麻醉。丙泊酚的镇痛作用较弱,而芬太尼和舒芬太尼等阿片类药物易引起呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐及苏醒延长等不良反应[4]。因此,如何在宫腔镜手术中维持患者呼吸功能平稳并降低不良反应发生率,一直是麻醉医师在无痛宫腔镜手术中面临的难点之一[4]。
表4 4组患者术中及麻醉恢复期不良反应发生情况比较[n=30,例(%%)]Tab 4 Comparison of the occurrence of ADR among 4 groups during surgery and anesthesia recovery period[n=30,case(%%)]
纳布啡是一种经典的阿片受体激动-拮抗药,既是κ受体激动药,也是μ受体拮抗药,具有激动-拮抗双效作用和较好的镇痛效果,尤其对内脏痛具有独特的疗效,且不良反应较少,呼吸抑制发生率较低,具有“封顶效应”,且鲜见累及心血管系统的不良反应[5-6]。纳布啡静脉注射起效较快,约为2~3 min,临床主要用于各种中、重度疼痛的镇痛治疗,在国外已得到广泛的临床应用[7]。在我国,纳布啡作为新型镇痛药物,其临床给药经验尚显不足。本研究给予宫腔镜手术患者静脉注射不同剂量的纳布啡,以期探讨纳布啡联合丙泊酚应用时的合理剂量。芬太尼的临床常用麻醉诱导剂量为1 μg/kg,则纳布啡的等效剂量为0.10 mg/kg[8]。故本研究探讨了等效剂量0.10 mg/kg、低剂量0.05 mg/kg和高剂量0.15 mg/kg这3种不同剂量纳布啡联合丙泊酚对各项指标的影响。
本研究结果显示,N2、N3组丙泊酚诱导/总/单位时间剂量减少、苏醒时间显著缩短,可能与纳布啡的κ受体激动作用有关。丙泊酚以镇静作用为主,镇痛作用弱,联合纳布啡可增强镇痛效果、减少丙泊酚剂量,从而缩短患者苏醒时间。而N3组比N2组患者苏醒时间延长,较N1组显著缩短,考虑纳布啡激动κ受体亦可产生镇静作用。因此,临床上纳布啡最常见的不良反应为镇静[9]。N2、N3组患者丙泊酚总剂量无明显差异,故当纳布啡剂量≥0.10 mg/kg时,随剂量增加反而导致患者苏醒时间延长,但N2、N3组苏醒时间在本研究中的差异尚无统计学意义,这可能与本研究样本量较小或纳布啡剂量增幅偏小有关。研究显示,纳布啡可缩短产妇第一产程的活跃期,这与其麻醉性镇痛作用有一定关联[10]。本研究结果显示,丙泊酚联用纳布啡0.10、0.15 mg/kg时术后NRS评分均显著降低,表明随纳布啡给药剂量的增加,纳布啡对内脏痛有良好的抑制作用。
本研究结果显示,丙泊酚单用剂量为0.05 mg/kg时麻醉效果欠佳,患者术中体动反应较多;纳布啡剂量为0.10 mg/kg时,丙泊酚诱导剂量和总剂量均显著减少,患者术后苏醒时间缩短;纳布啡剂量达0.15 mg/kg时,患者术中低氧血症的发生率显著增加,这可能跟大剂量阿片类药物有心肌抑制作用有关[11]。纳布啡对κ受体呈激动作用,而κ受体存在于中枢及外周神经系统,κ受体的激动具有强效镇痛效应[12]。另外,纳布啡对μ受体也有较强的拮抗作用,不具有阿片类镇痛药共有的不良反应(如呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐和药物依赖等)。
本研究结果还显示,与P组比较,N3组患者头晕的发生率显著增加;与P、N1和N2组比较,N3组患者低氧血症的发生率显著增加。纳布啡使用剂量为0.15 mg/kg时,其对手术患者的呼吸抑制作用可到达一个“封顶效应”[6]。在本研究的预试验中,较大剂量的纳布啡(0.15 mg/kg)可使低氧血症的发生率达90%,且SpO2下降速度快、幅度大,多需进行面罩加压给氧才可使SpO2恢复正常,存在一定的麻醉风险,故正式研究时采用面罩给氧3 L/min。本研究在纳布啡联用组中观察到术后发生头晕的不良反应,目前尚无该现象的基础研究,故其作用机制尚不清楚,推测可能与其作用于中枢κ受体有关。
综上所述,0.10 mg/kg的纳布啡联合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术既能达到良好的麻醉和镇痛效果,又具有较高的安全性。但由于本研究为单中心、小样本的研究,所得结论有待多中心、大样本的前瞻性随机对照研究的进一步论证。
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Effects of Different Doses of Nalbuphine Combined with Propofol on Anesthesia and Analgesic Effect of Patients Underwent Hysteroscopic Surgery
CHU Yang,SUN Gang(Dept.of Anesthesiology,the Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of TCM,Shenyang 110032,China)
OBJECTIVE:To investigate effects of different doses of nalbuphine combined with propofol on anesthesia and analgesic effect of patients underwent hysteroscopic surgery.METHODS:A total of 120 inpatients undergoing painless hysteroscopic surgery were selected as research objects during Feb.-Nov.2016.They were divided into group P,N1,N2,N3 according to random number table,with 30 cases in each group.Routine preoperative preparation was conducted in 4 groups.Group N1,N2,N3 were given Nalbuphine hydrochloride injection 0.05,0.10,0.15 mg/kg slowly,iv,within 1-2 min.After 3 min of injection,4 groups were given 2%Lidocaine hydrochloride injection 2 mL,iv+Propofol injection 1 mg/kg,iv(40 mg/10 s),and then injected with Propofol injection(10 mg/10 s)slowly until the patient’s eyelash reflex disappeared and no response was aroused.During surgery,Propofol injection was infused with micro pump at 6 mg/(kg·h)to maintain anesthesia until the end of operation.The levels of hemodynamic parameters(SBP,DBP,HR)and SpO2of 4 groups were observed after admission to operating room(T0),before propofol infusion(T1),immediately after propofol infusion(T2),during uterine cervical distension(T3),at the end of surgery(T4)and during anesthesia recovery(T5),respectively.The induction dose,maintenance dose,total dose,total dosing time and unit time dose of propofol,anesthesia recovery time and NRS scores after anesthesia recovery of patients were also observed in 4 groups.The occurrence of ADR was recorded during operation and anesthesia recovery.RESULTS:There was no statistical significance in maintenance dose and total dosing time of propofol,the incidence of body motion reaction,hypotension,sinus bradycardia,nausea and vomiting among 4 groups(P>0.05).At T0,there was no statistical significance in hemodynamic parameters or SpO2among 4 groups(P>0.05).Compared to T0,SBP of 4 groups were decreased significantly at T2,that of group N1 was decreased significantly at T3-T4,and that of group N2 was decreased significantly at T3,with statistical significance(P<0.05).DBP of 4 groups were decreased significantly at T2,that of group N1 was decreased significantly at T3-T5,and that of group N2 was decreased significantly at T3,with statistical significance(P<0.05).HR of group P was decreased significantly at T3,and that of group N3 was decreased significantly at T5,with statistical significance(P<0.05).SpO2of 4 groups were decreased significantly at T2,and that of group N3 was decreased significantly at T3,with statistical significance(P<0.05).SpO2of group N3 at T1was significantly lower than that of group P;at T2,it was significantly lower than other groups;at T3,it was significantly lower than group P and N1,with statistical significance(P<0.05).Compared to group P,induction dose,total dose and unit time dose of propofol,NRS scores of patients were significantly decreased in group N2 and N3;the anesthesia recovery time of group N1,N2,N3 were shortened significantly,with statistical significance(P<0.05).Compared with group N1,induction dose,total dose and unit time dose of propofol,NRS scores were significantly decreased in group N2 and N3,and anesthesia recovery time of them were shortened significantly,with statistical significance(P<0.05).Compared to group N2,induction dose and total dose of propofol were decreased signigficantly in group N3,with statistical significance(P<0.05).Compared with group P,the incidence of dizziness was increased significantly in group N3;compared with group P,N1,N2,the incidence of hypoxemia was increased significantly in group N3,with statistical significance(P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Nalbuphine 0.10 mg/kg combined with propofol for hysteroscopic surgery can achieve good anesthesia and analgesic effect with high safety.
Nalbuphine;Propofol;Hysteroscopic surgery;Anesthesia;Analgesic
R969.3
A
1001-0408(2017)35-4955-05
DOI10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2017.35.16
*主治医师。研究方向:老年患者手术麻醉及术后镇痛。电话:024-31961250。E-mail:waqs2015@163.com
#通信作者:主任医师。研究方向:危重症患者手术麻醉及术后恢复。电话:024-31961250。E-mail:sungang1978@126.com
2017-01-09
2017-05-23)
(编辑:陶婷婷)