分析高考试题 把握阅读策略——以高考英语全国卷Ⅰ为例

湖南 谭亚婷

分析高考试题 把握阅读策略
——以高考英语全国卷Ⅰ为例

湖南 谭亚婷

一、阅读试题分析

阅读能力既是语言能力的核心也是锻炼学生思维能力的触发点。高中生处于思维及视野不断发展的阶段，自由自主地阅读是二语习得的基石。阅读不是被动地吸收知识，而是与信息提供者不断地博弈后而获取相关信息。阅读本身就是提升阅读能力的方式，而持续的默读是有效的阅读方式。语言学习来自于输入而不是输出，来自于理解而不是产出。良好的阅读能力是通过大量阅读练习形成的，学生要对信息聚焦、筛选、推理、判断和总结。对文章语调的理解，迅速判断哪些信息是重要的，哪些信息是无关紧要的，需要通过阅读习惯以及阅读策略来培养。

《考试大纲》对阅读做出明确要求——学生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；做出判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度。结合考试大纲对学生的基本要求，将考纲目标细化为四种题型：细节题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、推理判断题。综合近4年全国卷Ⅰ高考阅读考点分析，细节题在阅读题中的分量在逐步下降，而词义猜测题以及主旨大意题的考查有所增长，推理判断题与细节题的比重基本持平。

细节题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 推理判断题2017年 5 2 2 6 2016年 8 1 1 5 2015年 9 1 0 5 2014年 6 2 1 6

二、阅读解题策略

Brantmeier提到的阅读技巧包括：略读、查读、猜测、辨认词组、寻求意义、预测、调动整体知识、推测、区分主论点和分论点。Duffy提炼出的常用的策略为：预测、监控和提问阅读过程中的思维、随着阅读到的信息改变自己原有的预测、在大脑中想象、移除意思理解的障碍、反思阅读到的文字的精髓。

结合阅读策略和技巧的理论知识，在阅读课堂教学中应当按照学生的心理发展规律训练四类阅读策略：1.引导学生理解全文的整体框架和每段的主题大意，仿照高考题设计出主旨大意题或作者观点态度题。2.在略读之后根据特殊的定位词找到具体的信息，此时就段落中的句子出细节题。3.文章中有些词是一词多义或要根据上下文才能得出新的含义，就此出词义猜测题。4.阅读更高层次的要求是“read between lines”(读出言外之意)，教师就某个句子的深层含义出推断题，培养学生的敏锐察觉力。

下面分别介绍不同题型的解题策略：

（一）细节题的解题策略

细节题在四种题型中分布最广，出题者通常对信息句和选项进行改写，考查学生对细节的理解能力。学生应从题干入手发挥元认知的策略，开始进行监督、预测和执行阅读的思维过程。通过题干对原文定位信息句、排除错误选项和同义改写信息句三步骤能够快速锁定正确答案。

1.错误选项特征：张冠李戴、无中生有、扩缩范围、曲解文意

【例】（2016 ·全国卷Ⅰ）According to a study bygrandparents.com. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.

26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?

A．17% expressed their support for it.

B．Few people responded sympathetically.

C．83% believed it had a bad influence.

D．The majority thought it was a trend.

【解析】A、C选项都将主语和行为的搭配故意衔接混乱，造成曲解文意。B选项为无中生有。所以正确选项为D。对细节题的训练有助于学生形成字斟句酌的习惯，精选的阅读材料同时也给予了学生良好的严谨的书面材料的范本。

2.正确选项特征：同义改写

【例】（2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ）Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体)with 45-degree-angled sides.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.

34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?

A. Dig a hole of a certain size.

B. Put the cup in place.

C. Weight the sheet’s center down.

D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.

【解析】弄懂第一句话，weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock，所以答案为C。该阅读文段选自科技类说明文，精细的文字构建学生的想象空间，学生能够在语言的提示下想出该集水设备的运作步骤。该文体也暗示教师多提供类似的科技类说明文，促使学生熟练地在信息繁多的文段里找出特殊信息句。

（二）词义猜测题的解题策略

阅读能够带来词汇的习得以及正确的拼写习惯，词义猜测题就是针对学生阅读中无意识的词汇习得而设立的。该题型今年出现两道，比例有所增长。阅读策略是：定位在目标词的前后句，由同义、反义、示例或者语篇来猜出其含义。

1.示例

【例】（2015 ·江苏卷）Some 2 500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. Countries where their people need help.

B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

【解析】最后一句话是对tyrannies的解释，一个凌驾于无助的大众之上的强权者，所以答案为D，意为“专制政府”。句间的关系对于文段的逻辑具有至关重要的作用，词义猜测训练了学生对文段逻辑的关注。

2.同义

【例】（2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ）To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out— the side of the hole.

33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher”in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The tube.

B. The still.

C. The hole.

D. The cup.

【解析】在段首提到了，用一根尖锐的棍子或者锋利的石块可以挖一个洞作为蒸馏器（a working still）。所以承前的同义词复现，画线部分指的是蒸馏器。

3.反义

【例】（2012 ·全国大纲卷Ⅱ）The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa,is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.

54.What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．A painting of the skeleton.

B．A photograph of Lucy.

C．A copy of the skeleton.

D．A written record of Lucy.

【解析】结合 while这个信息提示词，“while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”中的real，可知这个replica的含义是“复制品”。信息提示词是学生阅读过程中得到的提示，善于运用提示流畅地猜测文本含义是高水平阅读者应达到的目标。

4.语篇

【例】（2016 ·全国卷Ⅰ）I am Peter Hodes , a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips—of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?

A. provider

B. delivery man

C. collector

D. medical doctor

【解析】根据上下句的关键词carry和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box这句话可知“我”是一个运送干细胞的人。语言的交际是在语篇中实现的，关注上下文的关系是由已知推出未知的必经途径。

（三）主旨大意题的解题策略

主旨大意题强调对全文或者是整段的概括能力，是拉开分差的题型。每段的中心句一般处于段首或者段尾，如果出现在段中肯定有明显的逻辑关系词提示。结合位置以及线索词，边读边总结主旨大意。

1.位置

一般中心句出现的位置有三种：段首、段中和段尾。

（2016 · 全国卷Ⅰ）The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.

（2013 ·全国卷Ⅰ）Now some people may think I’m a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter, I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.

（节选自《大学英语阅读进阶》）A study at one prison showed that owning a pet can change a hardened prison inmate into a more caring person. Even emotionally disturbed children have been observed to smile and react with interest if there is a cuddly kitten to hold. Animals, then, can be a means of therapy for many kinds of individuals.

【例】（2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ）Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.

Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that...

31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. Exploring the Future of Jazz.

B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz.

C. The Story of a Jazz Musician.

D. Celebrating the Jazz Day.

【解析】第一段的关键词出现在段末raise awareness of jazz music,第三段的中心句为段首 It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that...将几段的信息综合概括为，探索爵士乐的未来，答案为A。面对大量的信息，学生应该能够根据信息的重要程度进行区分、概括，以取自己所需。

2.线索词

当位置的找寻不是那么顺利时，可以尝试运用逻辑词来寻找主题大意。熟记以下逻辑词：

因果关系：for, since, because of,that is why, so, therefore

对比关系：whereas, unlike, instead, otherwise，however,nevertheless, on the contrary

让步关系：although, even though, despite, after all

概括关系：finally, generally, in a word, in conclusion, in short

强调关系：indeed, above all, surely, most important

补充说明关系：in fact, as a matter of fact, in addition, in this case, furthermore

（四）推理判断题解题策略

推理判断题为最有挑战性的题型，不仅要处理表层信息，更要挖掘深层含义。推理过程中运用常识，思索文段中句子特殊的含义，进行一次推导得出的即是答案。在阅读的过程中积累相应的表达情感态度的词，注意作者的情感倾向。

1.运用常识

【例】（2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ）The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form,run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from__________.

A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole

C. the open air D. beneath the sheet

【解析】地下水蒸发出来，在塑料片上形成水滴，水滴滚下来落到杯子里面。常识可推知水是在塑料片下方形成的，答案为D。阅读是读者和作者的互动，读者需要在推测的过程中依托语境，运用常识形成自己的理解。

2.推理适度

【例】（2015 ·全国卷Ⅰ）Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology,history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.

34. What are theme cafes expected to do?

A. Create more jobs.

B. Supply better drinks.

C. Save the cafe business.

D. Serve the neighborhood.

【解析】现在的咖啡馆已经很少有人光顾了，Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. 主题咖啡馆的出现是为了拯救这个局面。答案为C。A、D选项为过度推导，原文并未涉及。当句与句之间的逻辑没有明确的说出的时候，学生要运用自己的推理能力参与文字的描绘过程，将已有文本信息在脑中第二次建构。

3.掌握情感态度

情感态度词：negative 否定的，反对的；impressed 有深刻印象的；doubtful 不敢肯定的；indifferent 不感兴趣的；persuasive 说服人的；interested 感兴趣的；factual 实事求是的； questioning 质问的；approving 赞成的；critical 批评的；neutral 中立的；worried 担忧的；depressed 沮丧的；subjective 主观的；objective 客观的； confident 有信心的；optimistic 乐观的；hostile 敌对的；suspicious 怀疑的

【例】（2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ）(Para 1) Trying to help injured,

displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.

(Para 6) A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.

27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？

A. It’s unexpected.

B. It’s beautiful.

C. It’s humorous.

D. It’s discouraging.

【解析】根据很明显的词语beautiful，smile，healthy and active这些词综合推断作者的情感是积极的，因此只有beautiful符合同一系列。答案选B。

三、教学启示

根据克拉申的输入假说，足够的可理解性输入经过反思能够形成学生的输出，阅读能力的提升还能相应地提升口语以及写作能力。阅读的教学不是完成了阅读题就等于完成了教学任务，而是要循序渐进地提升学生的理解认知能力，直至学生能独立高效地阅读。高考英语试题分析带给我们两点启示：

（一）通过细节题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题以及推理判断题的设计，促使学生掌握相应的阅读策略，提高文段的信息提取能力，为学生的思维的进步提供优良的演练场。阅读能力是发展其他语言技能的最有效、最有趣味的途径。

（二）高考题阅读只是阅读板块中的冰山一角，高考题的母体来源为《经济学人》《外交事务》等杂志或新闻网页。教师完全可以就母题题源取材训练学生高考阅读，以不变的阅读策略挑战变化的阅读，练就持续增长的阅读能力。

湖南省长沙市明德中学）