黎华清 黎志洲 王天荣 蔡 慧
广东省新兴县人民医院神经外科,广东新兴 527400
影响老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后的相关因素研究
黎华清 黎志洲 王天荣 蔡 慧
广东省新兴县人民医院神经外科,广东新兴 527400
目的分析老年重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,总结影响老年人重型颅脑损伤预后的因素,为提高重型颅脑损伤的治疗水平提供科学的临床依据.方法回顾性分析我院收治的老年重型颅脑损伤患者117例,统计预后不良患者和预后良好患者的临床资料,采用Pearson相关性分析影响预后的相关因素.结果患者的既往史、合并伤、环池情况、脑疝、术后并发症、体温、WBC计数、血糖水平、入院GCS评分、收缩压是老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后相关因素(Plt;0.05).结论降低患者血糖水平、体温,治疗合并症,改善机体缺血缺氧状态,降低颅内压,是提高患者生存率,改善预后的关键.
重型颅脑损伤;老年;相关因素;预后
近年来,我国颅脑损伤的发生率已达到0.15%,其造成的死亡率居高不下.重型颅脑损伤(serious brain injury)占颅脑损伤总数的20%左右,随着近年来的经济发展,重型颅脑损伤的发病率呈现逐年上升的趋势[1].尽管随着救治技术的发展,医疗水平的提高,重型颅脑损伤的预后仍不尽人意,特别是老年重型颅脑损伤患者这一特殊群体,其死亡率更是高达75%以上[2].本研究回顾性分析了117例老年重型颅脑损伤患者临床资料,通过分析发现影响老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后的因素,现报道如下.
本研究资料收集采用回顾性分析,选取2010年4月~2016年12月经我院神经外科诊治的老年重型颅脑损伤患者117例,其中男78例,女39例,年龄65~91岁,平均(74.72±7.27)岁.
(1)有头部外伤史;(2)头颅CT检查确诊为颅脑损伤;(3)符合颅脑损伤诊断标准;(4)格拉斯哥昏迷评分法(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)≤8分,昏迷时间gt;6h.
记录患者一般资料,包括患者性别、年龄、既往史、有无合并伤、CT环池形态、有无脑疝、GCS评分、体温、收缩压、舒张压、血糖水平、术后有无并发症等.预后分级及格拉斯哥(GOS)预后分级标准见表1.
采用统计学软件SPSS17.0版对数据进行统计分析,计量资料采用()表示,采用t检验,计数资料采用百分数(%)表示,采用χ2检验,相关分析采用Pearson相关性分析.Plt;0.05为差异有统计学意义.
表1 预后分级及GOS分级标准
经过χ2检验,患者的性别、年龄、既往史情况、是否有合并伤、CT检查环池状态情况、有无脑疝、入院GCS评分及术后是否有并发症,在预后良好组和预后不良组之间差异有统计学意义(Plt;0.05),见表2.经过单因素方差分析,患者的收缩压、舒张压、体温、WBC计数、血糖水平在预后良好组和预后不良组之间差异有统计学意义(Plt;0.05),见表3.
表2 老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后情况相关因素统计(例)
表3 老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后情况相关因素统计(x ± s)
经过单因素相关分析,老年重型颅脑损伤预后相关因素中,患者的既往史情况、是否有合并伤、CT检查环池状态情况、有无脑疝及术后是否有并发症、体温、WBC计数、血糖水平与老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后呈负相关(Plt;0.05),患者入院GCS评分、收缩压与老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后呈正相关(Plt;0.05),患者性别、年龄、舒张压与老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后不相关(Pgt;0.05).见表4.
表4 老年重型颅脑损伤预后相关因素相关分析
众多研究表明重型颅脑损伤患者的年龄是影响预后的一个重要因素[3-4].相对于年轻患者,老年患者各器官已呈现不同程度的衰退,如发生重型颅脑损伤,将会对老年患者产生极大的影响,老年患者预后往往不容乐观.本研究表明,在gt;64岁的老年重型颅脑损伤患者中,年龄并不是影响预后的因素,这表明,当重型颅脑损伤患者年龄超过64岁时,其预后将不再受到年龄的影响,整体预后情况较差.但当患者年龄超过75岁时,预后情况显著较64~74岁年龄段差,这提示,尽管当重型颅脑损伤患者为老年时,年龄已不再是预后相关因素,但是75岁可能是一个判断预后好坏的分界线.以往研究表明,雌激素可有效减轻细胞凋亡,增加细胞钙离子稳定以及一定的神经修复作用[5].本研究提示,在进行老年重型颅脑损伤预后单因素分析时,女性患者预后好于男性患者,但进行相关分析时,性别已不再是老年重型颅脑损伤预后相关因素,这可能与本研究的样本选择有关,在今后的工作中还需要进一步的扩大样本量.
以往研究表明,既往史与预后有相关性[6].本研究也证实了这一点,这可能是因为在有基础疾病的前提下,颅脑损伤可加重既往疾病,对患者预后产生不良影响.颅脑损伤的发生多是因为外伤或者车祸引起,伤者往往合并其他部位的损伤,包括胸腹部创伤、骨折、额面部创伤甚至休克等.这些合并症会加重患者失血和感染,以及疼痛的刺激都会对患者的预后造成影响[7].
重型颅脑损伤时,脑组织多发生移位,造成鞍上池、脚间池、环池受压,而环池受到压迫后,脑脊液循环不畅会引起脑干受压及颅内压升高,脑干损害可导致意识障碍的发生进而影响患者的预后[8].颅脑损伤患者的脑组织水肿、颅内血肿均可造成脑疝,而脑疝在以往的研究中已经被证实与颅脑损伤预后显著相关[9].本研究提示,环池状态、脑疝与老年重型颅脑损伤预后的相关系数为-0.763和-0.621,相关性较高,这与众多研究结果相一致.
近年来,GCS评分已被神经外科医生广泛用于评估颅脑损伤患者预后的指标,可通过患者临床表现,如睁眼反应、语言反应、运动反应来反映大脑活动,是作为颅脑损伤预后判断的可靠指标[10].本研究提示,GCS评分与老年重型颅脑损伤预后的相关系数为0.573,这与文献报道一致.
颅脑损伤术后并发症主要包括肺部感染、应激性上消化道出血和严重内环境紊乱等.这些术后并发症联合颅脑创伤、患者年龄,对患者的预后造成了显著的影响.
当患者发生颅脑损伤时,由于失血、中枢性血压调控紊乱、感染性休克等原因引起血压异常,特别是收缩压,由于血压的改变,导致患者发生血氧平衡失调,促使细胞凋亡[11-12].颅脑损伤后,受伤部位的白细胞大量聚集导致血管通透性改变,加剧水肿的发生[13].患者体温的改变可引起颅内糖代谢异常,大量乳酸堆积,加重继发性损伤,影响患者的预后[14].颅脑损伤患者由于颅内压的改变,引起刺激大脑血糖中枢导致血糖升高,升高的血糖可引起脑细胞离子水平改变,钠离子、钾离子、碳酸氢根离子等出现细胞内外分布不均,加重脑水肿,导致脑细胞死亡[15].
综上所述,老年重型颅脑损伤的预后与患者的既往史情况、是否有合并伤、CT检查环池状态情况、有无脑疝及术后是否有并发症、体温、WBC计数、血糖水平与老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后呈负相关,与患者入院GCS评分、收缩压与老年重型颅脑损伤患者预后呈正相关,临床工作中应在积极治颅脑损伤的同时,降低患者血糖水平、体温,治疗合并症,改善机体缺血缺氧状态,降低颅内压,提高患者生存率,改善患者预后.
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Study on related factors of prognosis in elderly patients with severe traumatic brain injury
LI Huaqing LI Zhizhou WANG Tianrong CAI Hui
Department of Neurosurgery,People's Hospital of Xinxing County,Xinxing 527400, China
ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical data of elderly patients with severe traumatic brain injury,to summarize the prognostic factors of severe craniocerebral injury in elderly patients,and to provide scientific basis for improving the level of treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.Methods117 elderly patients with severe traumatic brain injury in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Clinical data of patients with poor prognosis and good prognosis were analyzed.Related factors affecting prognosis were analyzed by Pearson regression.ResultsThe patient's past history,combined injuries,cisterna,brain hernia,postoperative complications,body temperature,WBC count,blood glucose level,admission GCS score,systolic blood pressure were related factors of prognosis in elderly patients with severe craniocerebral injury(Plt;0.05).ConclusionLowering blood glucose level,body temperature,treatment of complications,improving the state of ischemia and hypoxia,reducing intracranial pressure,is the key to improve the survival rate and prognosis of patients.
Severe craniocerebral injury;Elderly;Related factors;Prognosis
R651.15 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2017)22-174-04
2017-09-08)