刘波, 徐俊青, 赵埴飚, 贾崇富
·心血管影像学·
双期心脏CT成像在左心耳自发显影(≥2级)中的诊断价值
刘波, 徐俊青, 赵埴飚, 贾崇富
目的以经食道超声心动图(TEE)为金标准,探讨双期心脏CT(CCT)定性及定量评估2级以上左心耳自发显影(LAASEC)的临床价值。方法本院明确诊断房颤且行CCT及经食道超声心动图(TEE)两项检查的住院患者267例。以TEE为金标准,计算CCT定性评估LAASEC(≥2级)的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)及诊断符合率。测量左心耳(LAA)及升主动脉(AA)CT值,计算LAA/AA ,绘制LAA/AA的ROC曲线。结果TEE诊断LAASEC 0~1级患者共192例,CCT阴性162例(84.4%),阳性30例(15.6%)。LAASEC 2~4级75例,CCT全部为阳性。以TEE为金标准,CCT定性检测LAASEC(≥2级)的敏感度、特异度、PPV、NPV及符合率分别为100.0%、84.4%、71.4%、100.0%及88.8%。LAA/AA最佳截断点为0.524时,CCT评价LAASEC(≥2级)的敏感度、特异度、PPV、NPV及符合率分别为98.7%、92.7%、84.1%、99.4%及94.4%。结论双期CCT在评估LAASEC(≥2级)方面具有重要的临床排除和预警价值。当CCT首期左心耳部无充盈缺损时,可以排除2~4级LAASEC的可能,避免不必要的TEE检查。
自发显影; 心脏CT; 经食道超声心动图; 房颤; 左心耳
自发显影(spontaneous echo contrast,SEC)是在超声观察下的一种无明显轮廓可缓慢回旋活动的烟雾样低回声影[1],其形成机制是由于血流速度缓慢,剪切应力减小导致纤维蛋白原介导的红细胞聚集所致[2]。自发显影常见于房颤患者左心耳部[3],研究表明,左心耳自发显影(left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast,LAASEC)是房颤患者心源性血栓及血栓栓塞事件的独立预警因素[4-6],高级别较低级别LAASEC更容易导致血栓栓塞事件的发生[5]。因此早期发现高级别LAASEC对指导抗凝治疗、减少栓塞并发症具有重要的临床意义。
经食道超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)是目前诊断LAASEC的金标准[7],其缺点是侵入性、费时、耐受性差及操作者依赖性强。心脏CT成像(cardiac CT,CCT)已广泛用于房颤患者射频消融术前评估[8-12]。多项研究证实CCT双期扫描评估左心耳血栓具有极佳的敏感度及阴性预测值(NPV)[13-17]。但应用CCT评估LAASEC,尤其高级别LAASEC的研究较少见。本研究即以TEE为金标准,探讨CCT定性及定量评估2级以上LAASEC的临床价值。
材料与方法
1.研究对象
搜集2014年1月-2016年6月本院明确诊断房颤且均行CCT及TEE两项检查的住院患者的病例资料。排除标准:左心耳血栓,先天性心脏病,人工机械瓣膜或既往有深静脉血栓及肺栓塞病史,CCT及TEE两项检查间隔gt;10天,图像错层、对比剂充盈欠佳等图像质量较差者。共267例患者纳入研究。男160例,女107例,年龄33~92岁,平均(63.0±9.1)岁。其中持续性房颤患者138(51.7%)例,阵发性房颤129(48.3%)例;高血压患者156(58.4%)例;糖尿病患者67(25.1%)例;脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血者45(16.9%)例。CCT及TEE检查的间隔时间为(1.7±1.8)天。
2.TEE检查方法及图像分析
采用HP Sonos 5500型彩色多普勒血流显像仪,多平面经食管超声探头频率为4~7 MHz,增益调至适当水平进行TEE检查。探头于距门齿25~35 cm的食管中段处,多轴向扫描左心水平切面并清晰显示左心耳,然后于多个角度及不同深度行0~180°连续扫描,最大限度显示左心耳结构及其内部回声。
采用双盲法,由两名经验丰富的超声科医师分析TEE图像,依据回声强度及分布范围对LAASEC进行分级。若两名医师结果有争议,则请另一名超声医师共同研判,并得出最终结论。分级标准如下:0级,无烟雾状回声(正常组);1级为轻度,指超声心动图在高增益状态下见到的仅持续片刻的稀疏血流回声信号;2级为轻-中度,指较轻度略强的呈涡流状的稀疏血流回声信号,且不需要提高增益;3级为中度,指在整个心动周期中均可见的涡流状稠密血流回声信号;4级为重度,指在常规甚至低增益状态下即可观测到烟雾状非常稠密的血流回声信号。
3.CCT成像技术及分析
采用Siemens Somatom Definition Flash 128层双源CT扫描仪行CCT扫描。范围自气管隆突水平至心脏膈面。采用碘对比剂示踪法,在主动脉弓部管腔内设置兴趣区(ROI)并监测其CT值,当ROI的CT值gt;100 HU 时,延迟6 s自动触发CCT扫描。若左心耳有充盈缺损,延迟30 s行二期扫描。采用Ulrich双筒高压注射器经肘前静脉行对比剂(优维显300)三期注射,第一时相对比剂45~55 mL,流率5.0~5.5 mL/s;第二时相对比剂25~35 mL,流率3.5~4.0 mL/s;第三时相生理盐水30 mL,流率4.0 mL/s。扫描模式为回顾性心电门控序列。准直宽度2×64×0.6 mm,转速0.28 s/r,重建层厚和间隔分别为0.75 mm和0.5 mm。 所有图像传送至Syno工作站。采用双盲法,由两名经验丰富的心血管影像诊断医师在工作站上观察左心耳CT图像,自由调整窗宽和窗位至最佳显示窗观察是否存在充盈缺损。若两名医师结果有争议,则请另一名医师共同研判,并得出最终结论。诊断标准:正常者表现为首期CCT左心耳均一对比剂填充;SEC表现为首期CCT左心耳类三角形相对低密度区,即充盈缺损,延迟期对比剂均一填充(图1)。血栓表现为首期和延迟期均充盈缺损。选择首期CT图像的最大层面左心耳(LAA)(有充盈缺损者选择充盈缺损区)和同层面升主动脉(AA),兴趣区(≥1 cm)测量两个部位CT值,并计算LAA/AA值。
4.统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,多组间两两比较采用 LSD(方差齐)或Dunnett'S T3(方差不齐)法进行显著性检验。截断点、敏感度及特异度的确定采用受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线。以Plt;0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
结果
267例房颤患者中,TEE诊断LAASEC 0~1级、2级、3级和4级患者分别为192例、26例、32例和17例。192例LAASEC 0~1级患者中,CCT阳性30例(15.6%),阴性162例(84.4%); LAASE 2~4级患者共75例,CCT全部诊断为阳性。以TEE为金标准,CCT定性检测LAASEC(≥2级)的敏感度、特异度、PPV、NPV及诊断符合率分别为100.0%、84.4%、71.4%、100.0%及88.8%。
TEE诊断LAASEC 0~1级、2级、3级和4级患者的LAA/AA值分别为0.86±0.18、0.28±0.13、0.24±0.13和0.18±0.09,随着LAASEC分级程度的增加,LAA/AA值逐步下降,差异具有统计学意义(F=216.88,Plt;0.001)。其中,0~1级与2、3和4级LAASEC间差异具有统计学意义(Plt;0.001),而2级与3级、3级与4级间差异均无统计学意义(P均gt;0.05)。2级与4级LAASEC 间差异有统计学意义(Plt;0.05)。以LAASEC≥2级为阳性事件,绘制LAA/AA的ROC曲线(图2)。LAA/AA的曲线下面积为0.976。根据约登值,LAA/AA最佳截断点为0.524时,CCT评价LAASEC(≥2级)的敏感度、特异度、PPV、NPV及符合率分别为98.7%、92.7%、84.1%、99.4%及94.4%。
图1 左心耳自发显影。a) 首期CCT图像示左心耳类三角形充盈缺损,CT值约111HU; b) 延迟期CCT图像示左心耳对比剂均匀填充; c) TEE图像示左心耳类三角形浓密血流回声信号影。
图2 以LAASEC(≥2级)为阳性事件的LAA/AA的ROC曲线,AUC为0.976。
讨论
本研究对267例房颤患者的双期CCT检查进行定性及定量分析,以TEE为金标准, CCT定性评估LAASEC(≥2级)的敏感度及NPV均达到100%。结合对LAA/AA指标的定量分析(最佳截断点为0.524),其特异度和PPV分别提高至92.7%和84.1%。
心房颤动(简称房颤)是老年人群中最常见的一种心律失常[18]。房颤患者左心房无效性收缩致血液的排出量降低,血液在心房内凝滞淤结,压力提高,使左心房变大;尤其左心耳特殊形态及内部丰富肌小梁更易导致血液排空延迟,血液淤滞即LAASEC形成。LAASEC是近期的心源性血栓及血栓栓塞事件的独立预警因素[4-6],尤其是高级别SEC患者发生脑栓塞的可能性更大。Patel等[8]研究认为高级别SEC组(2.5±0.9)较低级别SEC组(1.4±0.5)更容易发生血栓栓塞事件(Plt;0.01)。经12个月岁随访,22例(17%)患者经MRI证实新发有脑缺血灌注的征象。而低级别SEC组在观察期间仅5例(4%)患者发展为无症状脑梗塞。因此本研究把0~1级LAASEC归为“正常”左心耳。本研究中,TEE诊断0~1级LAASEC房颤患者192例,162例(84.4%)在CCT上表现为阴性,其中,1级LAASEC患者79例,仅22例(27.8%)CCT首期图像上显示左心耳部充盈缺损影 ,可见1级LAASEC在CCT上的检出率不高,价值有限。其原因可能与1级LAASEC定义为TEE高增益下仅持续片刻的动态稀疏血流回声信号影有关,而CCT为LAA一过性显像,可能未采集到LAA真正的“片刻”充盈缺损。而TEE诊断2~4级LAASEC患者75例,在CCT首期图像上均表现为左心耳部的充盈缺损影,而延迟期均匀充盈。反之,笔者认为,当首期CCT显示LAA均匀充盈时,亦可完全排除2~4级的LAASEC患者。因此,双期CCT在检出2~4级LAASEC方面具有重要的临床排除价值,避免不必要的TEE检查。
另外,大多数研究认为LAA/AA这一指标利用同层面升主动脉CT值作校正,消除了个体差异,提高了此指标诊断LAASEC的准确性,优于其他如左心房耳部CT值指标[8,17,19-21]。因此,笔者亦采用LAA/AA指标对不同级别的LAASEC进行定量研究,结果显示,随着LAASEC严重程度的增加,LAA/AA值逐步下降,其中2级及其以上下降尤为明显。进一步对LAA/AA指标绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,当LAA/AA最佳截断点为0.524时,双期CCT评价LAASEC(≥2级) 的特异度和PPV较定性分析时明显提高,分别为92.7%和84.1%。且敏感度及NPV仍保持在高水平。因此,笔者认为对双期CCT定性分析的同时,结合定量分析提高了检测LAASEC(≥2级)的诊断符合率,具有较强的临床排除和预警价值。Kim等[17]对223例房颤患者行TEE和CCT检查,以TEE为金标准,结果显示,CCT定性诊断4级LAASEC及血栓的特异度及PPV分别为85%及31%,结合定量分析,当以LAA/AA=0.25为截断点时,特异度及PPV尤其PPV明显增加,分别为96%及75%。Patel等[8]研究亦显示,CCT定性诊断3~4级SEC及血栓的敏感度和NPV分别为50%及95.1%,结合定量分析均升高至100%。这可能是因为定量分析避免了观察者依赖经验及人为调整窗宽、窗位等主观因素的影响。
本研究的局限性:CCT及TEE两项检查存在一定的间隔时间,可能导致LAASEC分级程度的改变。但本研究排除了间隔gt;10天的患者,且平均间隔时间仅为(1.7±1.8)天,降低了两项检查期间LAASEC的进展的可能性。此外,本研究为单中心研究,CCT定量评估LAASEC(≥2级)的价值需前瞻性多中心大样本量研究的进一步证实。
总之,定性结合定量分析双期CCT在检测LAASEC(≥2级)具有重要的临床排除和预警价值。当CCT首期左心耳部无充盈缺损时,可以排除2~4级LAASEC的可能,避免不必要的TEE检查。
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Objective:Taking transesophageal echography (TEE) as gold standard,to study the clinical value of dual-phase cardiac CT (CCT) in the quantitative evaluation of left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast (LAASEC) (≥2 grade).Methods267 patients with atrial fibrillation undertook both CCT and transesophageal echo (TEE) examination.Using TEE as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity,negative predictive value (NPV),positive predictive value (PPV) and accuracy of CCT in the quantitative evaluation of LAASEC were studied.In addition,the CT value of left atrial appendage (LAA) and ascending aorta (AA) were measured,then the ratio of CT values (LAA/AA) was calculated,and ROC of LAA/AA was drawn.ResultsOf the 267 patients,totally 162 patients were diagnosed as Grade 0~1 LAASEC by TEE,the CCT diagnosis was negative in 162 patients (84.4%),and positive in 30 patients (15.6%).A total of 75 patients were diagnosed as Grade 2~4 LAASEC by TEE,which were all positive on CCT.Taking TEE as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity,PPV,NPV and accuracy of CCT in displaying LAASEC was 100.0%、84.3%、71.4%、100.0% and 88.1% respectively.On the basis of ROC curve,using the optimal cutoff value as 0.542 for the LAA/AA ratio,quantitative identification of LAASEC (≥grade 2) yielded the sensitivity,specificity,PPV NPV and accuracy as 98.7%,92.7%,84.1%,99.4% and 93.7% respectively.ConclusionDual-phase CCT has significant values in exclusion and warning of LAASEC (grade 2~4) in clinical practice.When no filling defect was displayed in early-phase of CCT,Grade 2~4 spontaneous display of LAASEC could be ruled out and unnecessary TEE could be prevented.
Spontaneous echo contrast; Cardiac CT; Transesophageal echocardiography; Atrial fibrillation; Left atrial appendage
273500 山东,兖矿集团总医院放射科(刘波、赵埴飚);273165 山东,山东曲阜市中医院CT室(徐俊青);116011 辽宁,大连医科大学附属第一医院心脏CT检查科(贾崇富)
刘波(1981-),男,山东省平邑县人,主治医师,主要从事CT及MRI影像诊断工作。
贾崇富,E-mail:wzx1128@163.com
R814.42; R541.75
A
1000-0313(2017)11-1152-04
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.11.011
Valueofdual-phasecardiacCTscanninginthediagnosisofleftatrialappendagespontaneousechocontrast(≥2grade) LIU Bo,XU Jun-qing,ZHAO Zhi-biao,et al.Department of Radiology,Yankuang Group General Hospital,Shandong 273500,China
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