司马蕾 樊碧发△ 徐仲煌 贾东林 张挺杰 张国荣
(1中日友好医院全国疼痛诊疗研究中心,北京100029;2北京协和医院麻醉疼痛科,北京100730;3北京大学第三医院疼痛科,北京100191; 4 北京大学人民医院麻醉疼痛科,北京100044;5北京空军总医院疼痛科,北京100142)
钙通道阻滞剂联合阿片治疗神经病理性癌痛的前瞻性研究*
司马蕾1樊碧发1△徐仲煌2贾东林3张挺杰4张国荣5
(1中日友好医院全国疼痛诊疗研究中心,北京100029;2北京协和医院麻醉疼痛科,北京100730;3北京大学第三医院疼痛科,北京100191;4北京大学人民医院麻醉疼痛科,北京100044;5北京空军总医院疼痛科,北京100142)
目的:探讨钙通道阻滞剂联合阿片药物治疗神经病理性癌痛病人的疗效。方法:采用随机对照、前瞻性研究方法,对于已使用阿片药物的中重度神经病理性癌痛病人,随机分成联合组和阿片组。纳入标准:已确诊癌痛并接受阿片药物治疗病人,年龄≥18岁,既往24 h疼痛NRS≥4分,神经病理性疼痛LANSS量表≥12分。联合组在原阿片药物基础上联合使用普瑞巴林(普瑞巴林第一天75 mg,每2~3天增加75 mg,第8天开始150 mg bid,当NRS≤3则无需加量),出现不良反应不能耐受酌情减量。阿片组继续增加阿片剂量至NRS≤3。观察周期为两周。评价指标包括NRS、疼痛异常评分、吗啡日剂量、HAMD抑郁评价、病人满意度、30%疼痛缓解率(临床意义)和50%疼痛缓解率(高度临床意义)。 结果:第14天联合组和对照组疼痛NRS评分分别下降2.3和1.3(P< 0.05)。神经病理性疼痛引起的感觉异常评分分别下降1.6和0.4(P< 0.001)。联合组吗啡平均日剂量158.8 mg/d,低于阿片组206.5 mg/d(P< 0.001)。HAMD评分联合组降低4.4,阿片组降低2.4(P< 0.001)。病人满意度评价两组有统计学差异(P< 0.05)。研究结束时30%和50%疼痛缓解率两组分别为85.7%和58.9%(与阿片组比较P< 0.05)。结论:对于神经病理性癌痛,在阿片基础上联合钙通道阻滞剂,较单纯提高阿片剂量更有利于疼痛缓解和情绪改善。
神经病理性癌痛;钙通道阻滞剂;普瑞巴林;阿片
神经病理性癌痛(neuropathic cancer pain),是指癌性疼痛过程中发生的神经病理性疼痛,临床表现为针刺样、烧灼样、电击样痛,并伴有感觉超敏、感觉过敏或感觉异常。发生原因包括肿瘤直接侵犯以及手术放化疗等治疗所引起[1],欧美等国报道神经病理性疼痛在癌性疼痛病人中发病率19%~39%[2,3],我国报道发生率约为22%[4]。
根据神经病理性疼痛中国专家共识[5],推荐钙通道阻滞剂和抗抑郁药为一线用药。与抗抑郁药物相比,抗惊厥药物治疗神经病理性疼痛效果更为明显[6]。因为神经病理性疼痛机理主要与神经元的兴奋性增高有关,神经元的兴奋性和突触功能是由电压门控钙通道(voltage-gated Ca2+channel, VGCC)维持,VGCC在细胞膜去极化时开放引起钙内流,细胞内增高的钙离子导致一系列疼痛神经递质传递。普瑞巴林(Pregablin,商品名乐瑞卡,美国辉瑞公司)是VGCC阻滞剂代表药物,通过与脊髓和脑内VGCC的α 2-δ亚基结合,减少突触前末梢的钙内流,使兴奋性神经递质的过度释放减少,从而抑制感觉神经的过度电冲动。钙通道阻滞剂在带状疱疹后神经痛、糖尿病周围神经病变中疗效肯定,但在癌痛中研究甚少。
癌性疼痛的治疗目前认为阿片药物镇痛无天花板效应,一般随剂量增大镇痛效果增加。本研究目的是通过神经病理性癌痛前瞻性随机对照研究,比较辅助应用钙通道阻滞剂和提高阿片剂量方案的优劣。目前国内尚缺乏相关随机对照研究证据,这是临床迫切需要解决的问题和本研究创新点。
纳入标准须同时满足:已确诊癌痛并接受阿片药物治疗病人,年龄≥18岁,既往24 h疼痛数字评分NRS≥4分(0~10),神经病理性疼痛LANSS量表≥12分(0~24,已经过中国人效度评价[7]),预计生存期≥4周。
具有下列一项则排除研究:既往使用过普瑞巴林无效或不能耐受不良反应,4周内接受过或即将接受放化疗手术,严重认知障碍,药物禁忌证,不能口服药物。
采用随机、对照、多中心研究方法,由电脑生成1:1随机组别,选择门诊或病房的癌痛病人,满足纳入标准,随机分成联合组和阿片组。联合组:在原阿片药物基础上联合使用普瑞巴林,普瑞巴林第一天75 mg,每2~3天增加75 mg,第8天开始150 mg bid,当NRS≤3则无需加量,出现不良反应不能耐受酌情减量。阿片组:继续增加阿片剂量至NRS≤3,如果出现不良反应不能耐受或镇痛效果不佳时,可更换另一类型阿片药物。两组病人都可接受即释吗啡治疗爆发痛。观察周期为14天。
研究指标遵循国际临床疼痛研究IMMACT(Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials) 指导原则[8]记录病人一般临床特点。主要终点指标是疼痛评分NRS。次要终点指标包括30%疼痛缓解率(有临床意义),50%疼痛缓解率(有高度临床意义),疼痛缓解率计算方法:(终点疼痛评分-基础疼痛评分)/基础疼痛评分。次要终点指标还包括每日镇痛药使用量(转化为等效吗啡),汉密尔顿抑郁量表HAMD评分,药物不良反应(恶心、呕吐、便秘、口干、头晕、谵妄、皮肤瘙痒、水肿、尿潴留9项),病人满意度(0~10最满意)。
所有数据均采用SPSS 17.0 进行分析处理,计量资料(连续变量)以均数±标准差(±SD)表示,组内和组间各项指标采用单因素方差分析;计数资料采用 Chi-square 和 Fisher's exact tests 检验。以P<0.05 认为差异有统计学意义。脱失数据采用末次观测值结转方法(last-observation-carried-forward)。
2015年1月至2016年1月,中日友好医院、协和医院、北京大学人民医院、北医三院、空军总医院五家医院共计532例门诊和住院癌痛病人进入筛查,经过纳入和排除标准筛查,122例进入研究,随机分为联合组60例和对照组62。普瑞巴林组出现肿瘤相关肠梗阻2例,消化道出血2例,最终56例完成2周研究;对照组因肿瘤进展死亡1例,昏迷2例,59例完成研究,流程图见图1。
肿瘤类型以肺癌、消化道肿瘤和乳腺癌常见,转移灶主要是骨转移居多。两组基本临床特点见表1。研究结束时整体疼痛NRS评分普瑞巴林组和阿片组分别下降2.3和1.3分(P< 0.05)。神经病理性疼痛引起的针刺感、蚁走感、烧灼感、电击样等感觉异常评分分别下降1.6和0.4(P< 0.001)。普瑞巴林组吗啡平均日剂量158.8 mg/d,显著低于阿片组206.5 mg/d(P< 0.001)。HAMD抑郁评分普瑞巴林组降低4.4,与阿片组相比P< 0.001。病人满意度评价两组有统计学差异(P< 0.05,见表2)。
图1 流程图Fig.1 CONSORT fl ow diagram
表1 基本临床特点Table 1 Characteristics of patients at baseline
第4天两组病人都有不同程度疼痛缓解(P>0.05)。第7天普瑞巴林组30%疼痛缓解63.2%(其中16人使用吗啡即释片),50%疼痛缓解的病人49.1%,与阿片组相比P< 0.05。随着普瑞巴林剂量增加,第14天30%和50%疼痛缓解率达85.7%和58.9%(P< 0.05,见图2)。第14天18例病人使用普瑞巴林300 mg/d,38例使用150 mg/d。阿片组有14例更换阿片药物。
日本研究结果显示[9],普瑞巴林减轻神经病理性癌痛,但仅有24例数据且非对照研究,说服力有所欠缺。本研究通过122例随机对照证实,对于已使用阿片药物基础镇痛的神经病理性癌痛病人,增加普瑞巴林或增加阿片剂量都能减轻疼痛,而普瑞巴林更有效。欧洲一项273例病人多中心对照研究也证实[10],普瑞巴林减轻神经病理性癌痛,提高生活质量。
由于癌痛病人往往合并伤害感受性疼痛和神经病理性疼痛,本研究26.7% (16/60) 病人使用普瑞巴林同时也使用即释吗啡,说明部分神经病理性癌痛病人存在原阿片剂量镇痛不足。整体而言,普瑞巴林组可以降低阿片剂量(158.8 mg/dvs.206.5 mg/d),同时降低了阿片药物不良反应。国内一项40例病人研究证实[11],普瑞巴林联合吗啡治疗神经病理性癌痛优于吗啡联合安慰剂,前者可以减少吗啡用量,改善睡眠质量,减轻便秘。
表2 主要和次要终点指标Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes
图2 A:≥30%疼痛缓解率;B:≥50%疼痛缓解率*P < 0.05, 两组组间比较Fig.2 A:pain relief ≥ 30% percentage; B:pain relief ≥ 50% percentage*P < 0.05, compared between two groups.
本研究特别就神经病理性疼痛引起的针刺感、蚁走感、烧灼感、电击样等感觉异常进行评分,普瑞巴林组较阿片组明显降低。抗惊厥抗抑郁类药物作为治疗神经病理性癌痛辅助用药,起效时间一般为4~8天[12]。 本研究证实,第4天普瑞巴林组疼痛评分明显下降。国外研究数据指出[13],对于神经病理性癌痛,固定小剂量阿片药物、逐步增加普瑞巴林至镇痛满意的给药方式较固定小剂量普瑞巴林、逐步增加阿片药物镇痛效果更佳且不良反应小,这种给药方式值得推荐。本研究进一步证实,第7天普瑞巴林150 mg/d获得30%疼痛缓解率为63.2%,第2周有30%(18/60)病人增加至300 mg/d,第14天30%疼痛缓解率增至85.7%,50%疼痛缓解率也增至58.9%,说明高剂量普瑞巴林可以更大获益。
另外,本研究使用HADS抑郁量表证实,普瑞巴林组在改善情绪方面优于对照组,这与疼痛减轻和药物本身抗抑郁作用有关。JCO发表的骨转移癌痛研究也显示[14],普瑞巴林联合放疗较安慰剂减少爆发痛和改善情绪。本研究普瑞巴林组病人满意度更高,一方面由于疼痛和情绪改善,另一方面与药物不良反应较少有关(55%vs.104%)。相关文献报道单药普瑞巴林和阿片药物前瞻性头对头随机对照研究中[15],普瑞巴林在神经病理性癌痛中疼痛评分和满意度都优于芬太尼贴剂。
综上所述,对于已使用阿片药物的神经病理性癌痛,增加钙通道阻滞剂而非加大阿片剂量,更有利于疼痛缓解和情绪改善。
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PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER COMBINED WITH OPIOIDS ON NEUROPATHIC CANCER PAIN*
SI MA-Lei1, FAN Bi-Fa1Δ, XU Zhong-Huang2, JIA Dong-Lin3, ZHANG Ting-Jie4, ZHANG Guo-Rong5
(1National pain management and research center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China;2Department of anesthesiology, Peking union medical college hospital, Beijing 100730, China;3Department of pain medicine, Peking university third hospital, Beijing 100191, China;4Anesthesiology and pain medicine, Peking university people's hospital, Beijing 100044, China;5Department of pain medicine, Air force general hospital, PLA China, Beijing 100142, China)
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine ef fi cacy of calcium channel blocker combined with opioid in patients with neuropathic cancer pain. Methods: A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted. Eligible patients with cancer pain (age≧ 18 years, LANSS score≧ 12, NRS score ≧ 4,) were scheduled to receive the calcium channel blocker representative drug pregabalin combined with opioid or the opioid alone. Doses of pregabalin and opioid were increased over 2 weeks (pregabalin 75 mg on the 1st day, and increased by 75 mg every 2-3 days, and 150 mg bid was started from the 8th day. Opioid dose was gradually increased until NRS≦3). The appropriate reduction was given to those patients who can not tolerate adverse reactions. The primary end point was NRS score. Secondary end points assessed paraesthesia score (0-10), HAMD score, analgesia dose, patients'satisfaction, 30% pain intensity reduction(clinical signi fi cance) and 50% pain intensity reduction (high clinical signi fi cance) from baseline. Results: A total of 122 patients were randomly assigned: 60 to combination group and 62 to opioid group. Outcomes were compared at the end of 2 weeks. There were signi fi cant differences in average pain variation (NRS, 2.3 vs.1.3,P< 0.05). Neuropathic pain induced needling sensation, formication, burning sensation, lightening sensation and other paresthesia were decreased by 1.6 and 0.4 points in combination group and opioid group, respectively (P<0.001). Morphine daily consumption were 158.8 mg/d in combination group vs. 206.5 mg/d in opioid group (P<0.001). HAMD score was decreased by 4.4 points in combination group, which was signi fi cantly less than that of opioid group (P< 0.001). The satisfaction also showed signi fi cant difference between the two groups (P< 0.05).With increasing dose of pregabalin, the 30% pain relief and 50% pain relief on the 14th day reached 85.7% and 58.9% (compared between two groups,P< 0.05, respectively), respectively. Conclusion: Our fi ndings support the curative effect of calcium channel blocker combined with opioid in patients with neuropathic cancer pain,which owns better pain control and mood improvement.
Neuropathic cancer pain; Calcium channel blocker; Pregabalin; Opioid
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2017.05.009
国家自然科学基金,批准号81403253
△通讯作者 fbf1616@yeah.net