掌握猜词“特技”提高阅读能力

2017-10-25 11:17华冰
高中生学习·高二版 2017年9期
关键词:同位语构词法特技

华冰

生词是我们阅读的“拦路虎”,有些同学一般会通过查阅词典来弄清词义,这个习惯固然不错,可是这样会严重影响阅读速度,若是在考试这也是不被允许的。其实,阅读理解中的许多“生词”都是我们平时常见的熟词通过派生、合成、加词缀、转化这几种方式形成的。我们完全可灵活地运用猜词技巧,联系上下文得出意思。下面就向大家介绍几种行之有效的猜词方法和技巧,提高大家的阅读效率。

[构词法]

构词法是同学们应该掌握的语法项目之一,平时我们在进行阅读训练时,应加强对构词法知识的掌握,熟悉常见词缀的含义及派生、合成、转化法的特点,从而确定所构成的新词的词性和含义。

1. Our soldiers won a decisive victory in the battle. (决定性的)

2. That country is underdeveloped and the living standard of the people is rather low. (欠发达的)

3. Colourful wall-paper would brighten up the room. (照亮)

4. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgemental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.

初看起来,unconditional和nonjudgemental非常陌生,但细心观察,前者是condition加前缀un、后缀al而成,意为“无条件的;绝对的”;后者是judge加前缀non、后缀ment和al而成,意为“没有判断力的”。

[同义词/近义词]

在阅读中遇到生词,除了运用构词知识来推测词义外,还可以利用该生词所处的上下文中与它同义的单词或短语来推测词义。

1. Your gross or total weight must be within certain limits.

由total可知,gross意为“全部的”。

2. Numbers, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 200, 3000 are called whole number, or integers.

由whole number可知,integers意為“整数”。

3. My car is worth less today than it was five years ago. It has depreciated in value.

由worth less ... than可知,depreciated意为“贬值”。

4. It was futile trying to explain it to him. It was useless to keep talking to him about it.

由useless可知,futile意为“无用的”。

5. The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbors all called her an eccentric lady.

由strange可知,eccentric意为“古怪的、孤僻的”。

[反义词]

在推测生词的词义时,还可以利用上下文中出现的表示相反或对立意义的单词或短语(如but, yet, however)等来推测词义。

1. Be punctual when you are going to a party. Never be late.

由late可知,punctual意为“准时的”。

2. The big farms are getting bigger while the small ones are slowly dwindling.

由中getting bigger可知,dwindling意为“缩小”。

3. In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid, and the summer hot and dry.

由中dry可知,humid意为“潮湿的”。

4. Because it may be either socially beneficial or socially harmful to millions of people, it is necessary to examine that program carefully.

由harmful和表示“要么……要么……”的either ... or ...可知,beneficial意为“有益的”。

[同位语]

同位语的作用是对位于其前面的名词作进一步解释,故此我们也可以利用句中的同位语,特别是用作同位语的名词词组来推测生词的词义。

1. They are vertebrates, that is, animals that have back bones.

从that is和句子的后半部分可知,vertebrates意为“脊椎动物”。

2. Everyone showed apathy—a lack of interest—towards the problem.endprint

由a lack of interest和破折号可知,apathy与lock of interest同义,意为“缺乏兴趣”。

3. Advertisers often sponsor TV programs, that is, they pay the costs of producing the programs.

由pay the costs of可知,sponsor意为“赞助”。

4. Psychology, the study of mans mind, depends on careful observation of people acting of learning under certain conditions.

由同位語the study of mans mind可知,psychology意为“心理学”。

[经验/常识]

在阅读过程中,一个人的经历和阅历(或称经验和常识,或统称为知识背景)对猜测和理解文本起着十分重要的作用。一个人的经历越丰富,知识面越广,猜测生词词义的能力也就越强。因此通过逻辑关系,我们可以凭借自己的经验或常识来猜测生词的词义。

1. The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.

由句中门太low而“我”又撞到头可知,lintel意为“门楣”。

2. Mark got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion and we roared off into the night.

Mark上了摩托车,“我”坐在他后面,所以“我”坐的pillion是“摩托车后座”。

3. The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the Kings baker in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof.

从语境“面包房失火,面包师及他的妻子、家人破窗逃走”可知,这里的family不包括妻子,而是指孩子。

面对这类旧词新意的单词时,切忌脱离语境,仅根据自己的常识猜测。应根据语境作出恰当的解释,切不可想当然地当作熟词对待。

[重复]

从作者的重复叙述中,我们也可以找到一些猜测生词词义的线索。

1. A formidable enemy is one to be feared.

由句中feared可知,formidable意为“可怕的”。

2. This is fertility soil. This rich earth supports the plant to grow quickly.

由句中rich可知,fertility意为“肥沃的”。

[文中的解释]

定义或解释句中某个特定的单词的方式多种多样,有定语从句、同位语、并列句、英语释义法,有时用that is (to say), similarly, namely, in other words等插入语引导,以补充说明。

有时生词可通过文中所给的解释、注解来猜测其含义,我们在阅读的过程中要善于把握这些有用的信息。

1. The film is too dull, that is, it is not interesting.

通过释义not interesting可知,dull意为“无趣的”。

2. “Glance” is another way of saying “look”.

通过is another way of可知glance是look的同义词,glance意为“一瞥”。

[实例]

用实例来解释和说明生词是一种常见的手法。

1. Select a periodical from among the following: Time, Reader Digest(读者文摘),News Week or other magazines.

从句中列举的杂志名称和or other magazines可反推periodical意为“期刊、杂志”。

2. Lubricants, such as oil, are used to reduce friction(摩擦) in moving parts of the machines.

从used to reduce friction(摩擦)可知,lubricants意为“润滑剂”。

3. Some missing ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies, while others carried only passengers.

从coal, oil and military supplies和carried可知,cargo意为“货物”。

[比较/对照]

作者有时将生词与熟悉的词进行比较,指出它们的共同点和不同点,以帮助读者正确理解。我们可以充分利用这种线索来猜测生词的词义。

1. Parents who often punish their children cant be called lenient.

通过比较可知,lenient意为“慈爱的、仁慈的”。

2. The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.

as ... as ...用于同级比较,可知buoyant为形容词,将热气球升在空中比作玫瑰花在水中,因此buoyant意为“漂浮的”。

3. The teacher teaches the most important language points in class, not the trivial ones.

通过比较可知,trivial意为“细小的,不重要的”。

[名称]

高考阅读短文中出现最多、最密集的生词多为人名、地名、动植物名、建筑名以及山脉、河流、岛屿、海洋等专有名词;另外,还有汉语中的外来词,如logic(逻辑),sofa(沙发),poker(扑克),bowling(保龄球)等。这类生词通常可通过音译(有的兼意译)来猜测。当然更多的词甚至不需要音译,只要明白是人名、地名,并能理其间的关系即可,例如Marco Polo(马可·波罗),Sanger de Criston Montains和Ortiz Mountains(两座大山)。

要提高阅读理解的效率,最根本的、最重要的方法就是在平时的学习过程中,注意扩大自己的词汇量,而扩大词汇量的基本方法则是大量阅读,二者相辅相成。

如果掌握了上面介绍的几种猜测生词词义的技巧,同学们在阅读的过程中,一定可以跨越生词障碍,快速提高阅读能力。endprint

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