By+Jacob+Mikanowski+译/杨瑞
當你看美剧《权力的游戏》中各方势力激烈交战,镜头中充斥着屠杀、酷刑和可怖的魔怪时,你能想到原著作者乔治·R·R·马丁竟会花费大量笔墨去描写汤吗?在原著《冰与火之歌》中,马丁老爷子对美食尤其是汤的描绘可谓细致入微,甚至一度招致读者的批评:描写这么多与情节无关的东西究竟有什么用?如果你也有此疑惑,就读一读下面的文章,看看文章作者都探究出了什么结论吧!
In its seven-season run, HBOs Game of Thrones1) has brought the complex world of George R. R. Martins fantasy novels to the screen with remarkable fealty2). Nearly all Martins major themes are there on the screen: incest, rape, torture, slavery. The cost the powerless pay for the maneuvers of the powerful. The ethics of mind control. Pyromancy3). But there is one crucial element of the novels the show has consistently shied away from, one passion of Martins too hot for TV: soup. Specifically, seafood soups. Creamy seafood stews4) served in bowls made out of hollowed-out loaves of bread are Martins true subject, and theyre nearly absent from Game of Thrones on TV.
By slimming Martins work, HBOs showrunners5) have turned his sprawling story into a taut6), addictive, and (mostly) sequential narrative. But those cuts come at some cost. Martin has invested his world with a level of detail that is staggering7) and, sometimes, perplexing. Martins backstory goes back 10,000 years. Ironborn8) electoral bylaws, the genealogy9) of minor houses in the Vale, the aquatic life of the Rhoyne River10) watershed—all of these get described with a punishing11) level of exactitude.
Above all, Martin describes the food. Indeed, if Martin has a single go-to move as a storyteller, its to lay out a splendid feast and spend 20 pages drooling12) over it before committing13) a couple of murders. And if any one foodstuff serves as his leitmotif14) and idée fixe15), its soup.
Soup is everywhere in A Song of Ice and Fire. Its a marker of regional difference. Its a test of character. Honorable men share their soup. Bad ones bogart16) it. Bad soups foretell bad things: The canny reader knew the Red Wedding17) would go bad long before the swords came out, thanks to that thin leek soup the Freys served.
A soup shop is the scene of an assassination. Soup is also an instrument of peace. An onion broth18) helps end a war. One character even makes himself into a porridge to save another.
The sheer variety of soups in A Song of Ice and Fire is dizzying. Martin describes broths made from ginger, seaweed, sweet grass, pepper crab, frog, fish, mutton, venison, dog, and elephant. Every area of the Seven Kingdoms19) gets its own soup. So do the free cities of Essos. In the North, they eat a lot of beef and barley stew. In the slums of Flea Bottom20), the beggars gulp greasy bowls o brown and feel lucky if they find a smidgen21) of meat. Up at the Wall22), the members of the Nights Watch23) nourish themselves with cups of thick bean-and-bacon soup. On the Iron Islands, they break their fast on “a broth of clams and seaweed cooked above a driftwood fire,” which sounds a lot like something they would serve at Noma24).endprint
In Dorne, a fiery-hot stew includes seven different sorts of snake, slow-simmered25) with dragon peppers and blood oranges and served with a dash of26) their own venom27) for kick28). In Volantis29), they make a cold soup out of beets, “as thick and rich as purple honey,” which is to say, borscht30). How decadent is the Slavers Bay city of Astapor31) ? Oil your hair, slip into a linen gown, and help yourself to the local specialty, red octopus and unborn puppy stew.
What P. G. Wodehouse32) is to butlers, what Jane Austen is to eligible suitors, what Cormac McCarthy33) is to horse carcasses, George R. R. Martin is to soup. But there is one thing he likes to describe even more than soup, and thats soup served inside of bread. His characters are constantly hacking at34) loaves of bread and hollowing them into trenchers35) and then ladling soup into the space made therein. (While Im OK with the unborn puppies and the snake venom, this is where I balk36). Soup should not be served inside of bread.) Martins obsession with soup reaches its apogee37) in A Dance With Dragons, the fifth book in the cycle.
The first three books in the cycle are masterfully plotted, propulsive38) adventures that hardly give a reader space to breathe. Book 4, A Feast for Crows, isnt. Often that book feels as if Martin is just killing time until something exciting can happen. And so I purchased A Dance With Dragons the day it came out and took it with me on a plane to London, desperate to find out what happens next to the characters I loved and hated the most. Instead, I found myself reading a sequence I now think of as the Chowder Hunt.
Its protagonist is Davos Seaworth, smuggler, sailor, and hand of the king39) to Stannis Baratheon40). (In the books, Stannis is still alive.) Davos, making his way north by sea to secure an alliance, finds himself on the Sisters41), little islands off the coast of the Vale with a Western-Isles-of-Scotland vibe42).
Once there, he goes to a tavern. Its dingy but amply supplied with soup. Soon hes captured and led before the local lord, a villainous old cove named Godric. More soup gets served, Sisters Stew, “in a trencher hollowed out of a stale loaf.” Now Martin gets to work:
It was thick with leeks, carrots, barley, and turnips white and yellow, along with clams and chunks of cod and crabmeat, swimming in a stock of heavy cream and butter. It was the sort of stew that warmed a man right down to his bones, just the thing for a wet, cold night. Davos spooned it up gratefully.endprint
Now that weve met the soup and learned about all its ingredients, its time to really dive in:
“You have tasted sisters stew before?”
“I have, my lord.” The same stew was served all over the Three Sisters, in every inn and tavern.
“This is better than what youve had before. Gella makes it. My daughters daughter. Are you married, onion knight?”
This goes on.
“A pity. Gellas not. Homely women make the best wives. Theres three kinds of crabs in there. Red crabs and spider crabs and conquerors. I wont eat spider crab, except in sisters stew.”
We now know the soups ingredients, its parentage43) and its heraldic import. But were not done yet. These dudes have only begun to soup.
“Is it saffron that Im tasting?” Saffron was worth more than gold. Davos had only tasted it once before, when King Robert44) had sent a half a fish to him at a feast on Dragonstone.
“Aye. From Qarth. Theres pepper too. Cracked black pepper from Volantis, nothing finer. Take as much as you require if youre feeling peppery. Ive got forty chests of it. Not to mention cloves and nutmeg, and a pound of saffron. Took it off a sloe-eyed maid …”
On that plane to London, I recall, I read this section in disbelief. Why? Why this? What does it all mean? Where were the battles and crises of conscience and ice zombies from the North? Why was I reading a prolonged chowder taste-off?
Ive long held that the more extraneous a detail is to the plot, the more personal it probably is to the author. Think of Haruki Murakamis fixation on jazz, or the way Nabokov45) hid references to butterflies in his novels. The simplest answer to the question why is there so much soup in Westeros is that George R. R. Martin really likes soup. Whatever his version of Proust46)s madeleine is, I think he encountered it in a quayside bar, served inside a sourdough loaf.
But on another level, I think there is a purpose to the ocean of broth spilled in these pages. I think even Martin needs a buffer against all the killing and torturing and monster-summoning in his books. And what better refuge from a medievalesquehellscape than a soothing, creamy chowder? After all, power is an illusion. Chaos is a ladder. Winter is coming.47) But soup warms a man to his bones.
美國HBO电视网推出长达七季的大剧《权力的游戏》,将乔治·R·R·马丁奇幻小说中的复杂世界极为忠实地搬上了荧幕,几乎涵盖了马丁小说中所有重要的主题:乱伦、强暴、酷刑、奴役;无权无势之人为当权者的花招所付出的代价;精神控制的伦理标准;火焰占卜。但是小说中有一个关键元素电视剧却一直敬而远之,这个元素马丁很热衷,但因为不好处理无法在电视上展现,那就是——汤。具体来说,是海鲜汤。用空心长条面包盛着的奶油海鲜炖汤是马丁真正的主题,但在电视剧《权力的游戏》中却几乎没有出现过。endprint
HBO的剧集主管精简了马丁的作品,把杂乱无章的小说情节变成情节紧凑、引人入胜并且(大体上)按次序展开的故事。但是这些删减多少会造成一些损失。马丁为其所创造世界花费笔墨的细微程度令人吃惊,有时也让人疑惑。他把故事背景设定在一万年前。铁群岛的选举法规、谷地小家族的家谱、洛恩河分水岭一带的水上生活——所有这些他都耗费大量精力精准地加以描述。
马丁尤其描述了食物。实际上,马丁作为讲故事的人,如果说有什么招牌套路的话,那就是摆一场绝妙的盛宴,用上20页的篇幅对着盛宴馋涎欲滴,然后才会写几场谋杀。如果说有一种食品作为他作品的主题,并且已经成了他的执念,那就是汤。
汤在《冰与火之歌》中随处可见。它是地区差异的标志,也是对人品的一种考验。正直的人分享他们的汤,卑劣的人则多吃多占。不好的汤预示着不好的事情:细心的读者早在刀剑出鞘之前就知道红色婚礼上会发生坏事,因为佛雷家的人在此之前端上了韭葱清汤。
汤店是暗杀现场,但汤也是促进和平的工具。一份洋葱肉汤可以结束一场战争。甚至有一个角色把自己做成粥去救另一个角色的命。
《冰与火之歌》里种类繁多的汤让人头晕目眩。马丁描写的汤有姜汤、海藻汤、香草汤、胡椒蟹汤、青蛙汤、鱼汤、羊肉汤、鹿肉汤、狗肉汤和象肉汤。七大王国的各个地区都有自己的特色汤,厄索斯的自由城邦也不例外。在北境,人们会喝很多牛肉大麦炖汤。在跳蚤窝的贫民窟,乞丐们大口吞下用黏糊糊的碗盛着的“褐汤”,若能发现一点儿肉渣都会觉得幸运。绝境长城上的守夜人军团成员会用几杯大豆咸肉浓汤给自己补充营养。在铁群岛,人们则用“在浮木火堆上熬制的蛤蜊海藻浓汤”结束自己的斋戒,这种汤听起来很像诺玛餐厅会推出的东西。
在多恩王国,火辣辣的炖汤由七种不同的蛇肉加上龙胡椒和血橙文火慢炖而成,再配上少许毒蛇特有的毒液提劲儿。在瓦兰提斯,人们用甜菜做成冷汤,“像紫色的蜂蜜一样浓稠、油腻”,也就是罗宋汤。位于奴隶湾的阿斯塔波又是怎样的堕落呢?抹好发油,套上亚麻长袍,自己去吃当地的特色菜——红章鱼炖狗胎。
男管家之于P. G. 沃德豪斯,合格的求婚者之于简·奥斯汀,马尸之于科马克·麦卡锡,就是汤对于乔治·R·R·马丁的意义。但是马丁对另一样事物的描述有胜于汤,那便是盛在面包里的汤。他笔下的几个角色常常劈开长条面包,挖空后弄成食盘的形状,然后把汤舀进去。(我可以接受狗胎和蛇毒,但这个吃法我却不敢苟同。汤不应该盛在面包里。)马丁对汤的痴迷在《冰与火之歌》第五卷《魔龙的狂舞》中达到了顶峰。
这套书的前三卷是设计精巧、情节富于推动力的探险故事,读者需要屏住呼吸,一气读完。第四卷《群鸦的盛宴》却不是这样。这本书经常给人的感觉像是马丁在消磨时间,等待激动人心的时刻来临。所以《魔龙的狂舞》刚出那天我就买了,我把书带到前往伦敦的飞机上,心急如焚地想知道我最爱的角色和最恨的角色接下来怎么样了。然而,我发现自己在读的续集现在想来像是《杂烩汤搜寻记》。
这一卷的主角是戴佛斯·席渥斯,他是走私犯、水手,也是史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩的国王之手。(在小说中,史坦尼斯还活着。)戴佛斯一路向北航行,去寻找盟国。他发现自己来到了姐妹岛,这是一处与谷地王国海岸相望的小群岛,环境与苏格兰西部的群岛相似。
一到这儿,他就去了酒馆。酒馆破败、昏暗,但提供充足的汤。不久,他就被抓走带到了地方头领面前。那是个可恶的老家伙,名叫戈德里克。更多的汤端了上来,是姐妹岛炖汤,“装在由陈面包挖空制成的餐盘里”。马丁开始写道:
这浓汤里有韭葱、胡萝卜、大麦、白萝卜和黄萝卜,再加上蛤蜊、几大块鳕鱼和蟹肉,浸泡在浓浓的奶油和黄油里。这种炖汤可以让人暖到骨子里,又湿又冷的夜里喝起来再适合不过了。戴佛斯心怀感激地舀起汤来。
既然我们已经看到了这个汤,又知道了汤的所有原料,那就该真正深入了解了:
“你以前尝过姐妹岛炖汤?”
“是的,大人。”三姐妹群岛上到处都有这道炖汤,每间旅馆和酒馆都有。
“這碗可比你以前喝过的都美味,这是盖拉做的。她是我女儿的女儿。你结婚了吗,洋葱骑士(编注:指戴佛斯·席渥斯)?”
描写继续:
“真可惜,盖拉还没有。平实的女人才能成为最好的妻子。这汤里有三种蟹:红蟹、蜘蛛蟹和征服蟹。我是不吃蜘蛛蟹的,除非在姐妹岛炖汤里。”
现在,我们知道了这种汤的原料、来源及其家族意义。但是这还没完。这些家伙才刚开始喝汤而已。
“我尝到的是藏红花吗?”藏红花比黄金还要珍贵。戴佛斯之前也只尝过一次,是在龙石岛盛宴上劳勃国王送给他半条鱼的那次。
“是啊,从魁尔斯弄来的。里面还有胡椒粉,从瓦兰提斯弄来的研碎的黑胡椒,没有比这更好的东西了。你要是想吃辣,就需要多少放多少。我弄来了40箱。更别说还加了丁香和肉豆蔻,还有一磅藏红花。从一位眼睛又黑又亮的侍女那里弄到的……”
现在回想起来,在去伦敦的飞机上,读到这部分时,我满腹疑惑。为什么?为什么是这样?这到底在说什么?战争哪儿去了?良知危机哪儿去了?从北境来的冰冻僵尸又在哪儿?我干嘛读这些冗长的杂烩品鉴?
我一直认为,越是无关的细节进入情节,这个细节就越可能牵涉到作者的私人信息。想想村上春树对爵士乐的痴迷,或是纳博科夫是怎样把自己对蝴蝶的喜爱掩藏在小说中的。为什么在维斯特洛有那么多的汤?最简单的答案就是,乔治·R·R·马丁对汤是真爱。不管他心目中普鲁斯特最爱的玛德琳蛋糕是什么样子,我都相信他是在码头边与之邂逅的,盛在酵头面包里。
但从另一个层面来看,我认为小说中汤汁四溅必然有其目的。在我看来,即使是马丁,也需要在书中的杀戮、拷打以及召唤怪物之余有一丝喘息。还有什么能比舒缓、细腻的杂烩汤更能让人逃离中世纪的地狱之角呢?毕竟,权力是虚无,混乱是阶梯,凛冬将至,但汤却能让人暖到骨子里。endprint
1.《权力的游戏》,美国HBO电视网推出的一部电视剧,改编自美国作家乔治·R·R·马丁(George R. R. Martin, 1948~)的系列奇幻小说《冰与火之歌》(A Song of Ice and Fire),主要讲述在一个虚构的中世纪世界里所发生的王权争斗的故事。截至目前,小说情节涉及维斯特洛(Westeros)、厄索斯(Essos)等四块大陆,铁群岛(Iron Islands)、谷地(Vale)、北境(The North)、多恩(Dorne)、自由贸易城邦(free cities)、奴隶湾(Slavers Bay)、魁尔斯(Qarth)等几十个地区,佛雷家族(the Freys)、史塔克家族(the Starks)等数百个家族。
2.fealty [?fi??lti] n. 忠实
3.pyromancy [?pa?r???m?ns?] n. (根据火或火焰的形状所做的)火焰占卜
4.stew [stju?] n. (用小火)炖(或煨、焖)的食物
5.showrunner:剧集主管,执掌整部剧集的运作,包括导演和编剧的任免、选角、日常拍摄等,直接向制片方负责,决定了一部剧集的风格、整体水平和剧情走向。
6.taut [t??t] adj. (情节)紧凑的
7.staggering [?st?ɡ?r??] adj. 令人吃惊的
8.Ironborn:铁群岛(人)的
9.genealogy [?d?i?ni??l?d?i] n. 家谱
10.Rhoyne River:洛恩河,厄索斯大陆上的一条主要河流
11.punishing [?p?n????] adj. 消耗大量精力的
12.drool [dru?l] vi. (over)对……垂涎
13.commit [k??m?t] vt. 把……写下来
14.leitmotif [?la?tm???ti?f] n. 主旨,主题
15.idée fixe:固定观念
16.bogart [?b??ɡɑ?t] vt. 贪,多占
17.the Red Wedding:红色婚礼,小说中一场标志性的大屠杀,指北境之王、史塔克家族长子罗柏及其母亲、妻子和手下数千名将士参加盟军佛雷家族的婚礼,却遭到佛雷家族背叛,在婚宴上惨遭集体杀害。
18.broth [br?θ] n. 肉汤
19.Seven Kingdoms:七大王国,指维斯特洛大陆上原本独立的七个国家,在经历几轮权力之争后发生巨大政治洗牌。
20.Flea Bottom:跳蚤窝,七大王国首都君临城(Kings Landing)的低贱区域
21.smidgen [?sm?d?(?)n] n. 一点点
22.the Wall:绝境长城,一座巨大的防御工事,横跨维斯特洛大陆北部,用以阻挡长城以北的野人及传说中的神秘生物“异鬼”。
23.Nights Watch:守夜人军团,绝境长城上的守备军
24.Noma:诺玛餐厅,全球著名餐厅,位于丹麦哥本哈根一处码头旁。
25.simmer [?s?m?(r)] vt. 用文火煮;煨;炖
26.a dash of:少量;少许
27.venom [?ven?m] n. 毒液
28.kick [k?k] n. 刺激性,劲儿
29.Volantis:瓦兰提斯,自由贸易城邦中最南端的一个
30.borscht [b???t] n. 罗宋汤
31.Astapor:阿斯塔波,奴隶湾沿岸的三大城市之一
32.P. G. Wodehouse:P·G·沃德豪斯(1881~1975),英裔美籍小说家、剧作家,尤以塑造Jeeves这一人物形象的系列小说闻名。Jeeves是一位供职于英国上流社会的私人男仆(butler),足智多谋,常有办法救主人于危难之际。
33.Cormac McCarthy:科马克·麦卡锡(1933~),美国小说家、剧作家,代表作为《老无所依》(No Country for Old Men)。他曾在多部作品中详细描写过马的尸体。
34.hack at:猛砍;猛劈
35.trencher [trent??(r)] n. 木制食盘
36.balk [b??k] vi. 犹豫;畏缩;回避
37.apogee [??p?d?i?] n. 最高点,极点
38.propulsive [pr???p?ls?v] adj. 有推进力的
39.hand of the king:国王之手,相当于御前首相。
40.Stannis Baratheon:史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩,龙石岛(Dragonstone)公爵,曾一度起兵自立为七大王国的国王。
41.the Sisters:即三姐妹群岛(Three Sisters),谷地的一部分。
42.vibe [va?b] n. 气氛,环境
43.parentage [?pe?r?nt?d?] n. 起源;出身
44.King Robert:指勞勃·拜拉席恩一世(Robert Baratheon),曾经的七国国王,史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩的哥哥。
45.Nabokov:即弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫(Vladimir Nabokov, 1899~1977),美国作家,代表作为《洛丽塔》(Lolita)。纳博科夫还是一位蝴蝶专家,曾运用语言和艺术手法将自己对蝴蝶的迷恋贯注到文学作品中。
46.Proust:即马赛尔·普鲁斯特(Marcel Proust, 1871~1922),法国作家,代表作为《追忆似水年华》(In Search of Lost Time),他最爱的甜点是玛德琳蛋糕(madeleine)。
47.这两句话语均出自小说。第一句是说制造混乱是攀向权力顶峰的阶梯;第二句是史塔克家族的族语,寓意“居安思危”。endprint