By+Blake+Morrison
Does it help writers to drink? Certainly Jack Kerouac, Dylan Thomas, John Cheever, Ernest Hemingway and F Scott Fitzgerald thought so.1
“The excitement of alcohol and the excitement of fantasy2 are very similar,” John Cheever said. You can trace the idea back to ancient Greece, where poems would be recited at drinking parties or symposia3. The idea is common to other cultures, too, including the Chinese, where in the third century AD the seven sages of the Bamboo Grove retired to the country to drink wine and compose verse: “Once drunk, a cup of wine can bring 100 stanzas,”4 a poet claimed. The drunker the bard, the more the words flowed.5
Does it help writers to drink? Alcohol not only makes you less self-critical, it reduces fear. And a large glass can supply“that final burst of energy at the end of the day”.
Its true that modern American literature is strewn with examples of alcoholic excess: Poe, Hemingway, Faulkner(“I usually write at night. I always keep my whiskey within reach”), Hart Crane, Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Dorothy Parker (“Id rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy”), Raymond Chandler, O Henry, Jack London, Delmore Schwartz, F Scott Fitzgerald, (“Too much champagne is just right”), John Berryman, Jack Kerouac, Charles Bukowski, Anne Sexton, Patricia Highsmith—the list is long.6
In a new book, The Trip to Echo Spring, Olivia Laing looks at six American writer-alcoholics (Hemingway, Williams, Carver, Cheever, Berryman and Fitzgerald) who lived, wrote and drank.7 She takes her title from a line in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 8.
Embarrassment is a common consequence of drink. The fallout from constant heavy drinking is worse than mere social embarrassment: illness, insomnia, squalor,9 violence, misery for oneself and others. But a bohemian chic is still associated with boozy writers,10 especially dead American male novelists. There are websites that give you the recipes for their trademark drinks: Faulkners mint julep, Hemingways mojito, Chandlers gimlet, Kerouacs margarita, Fitzgeralds gin rickey.11
Literature abounds with paeans to the hard stuff.12 Sometimes its a matter of national pride, with ale, stout, vodka, absinthe, Chianti or, in Burnss case, the peaty goodness of Scotch whisky being celebrated for their miraculous powers (“O whisky, soul o plays an pranks, / Accept a bardies gratefu thanks”).13 More often, as with Byron, the spirit is one of carpe diem—drink now because who knows what tomorrow will bring:
… for the future—(Having got drunk exceedingly today,
So that I seem to stand upon the ceiling)
I say—the future is a serious matter—
And so—for Gods sake—hock and
soda water!14
The positive spin put on alcohol in the Bible and in classical legend (with Dionysus the god of ecstasy and wine) is something that John Cheever puzzled over.15 Why is drunkenness not among the deadly sins16, he wondered? Why in early religious myths and legends is alcohol presented as one of the gifts of the gods? “The belief that to be drunk is to be blessed is very deep. To die of drink is sometimes thought a graceful and natural death.”17
Genes may lie behind a predisposition to alcohol.18 Childhood trauma, too: suicidal dads (Berryman and Hemingway had fathers who killed themselves with shotguns) and unmaternal mums (Cheever called Gilbeys gin “mothers milk”).19 But only Tennessee Williams speaks with candour and conviction:20 “Why does a man drink? Theres two reasons, separate or together. 1. Hes scared shitless21 of something. 2. He cant face the truth.”
In Russian literature, the drink that steals away mens brains is vodka. Tolstoy, repenting his youthful follies (“lying, thieving, promiscuity of all kinds, drunkenness, violence, murder”), founded a temperance society called the Union Against Drunkenness, and designed a label—a skull and crossbones,22 accompanied by the word “Poison”—to go on all vodka bottles.Chekhov was more ambivalent.23 As Geoffrey Elborn shows in his new cultural history, The Dedalus Book of Vodka, he was torn between his knowledge as a doctor and his understanding of human nature.24 Two of his brothers were alcoholic, and he denounced vodka companies as “Satans blood peddlers”.25 But he sympathised with the Russian peasantry, for whom vodka was nectar.26
Attitudes to alcohol are an index of character; the capacity for it too.27 One of Hemingways complaints against Fitzgerald was that he got drunk too easily; whereas to him, Hem, downing the hard stuff was healthy and normal and “a great giver of happiness and well-being and delight” (and even helped his shooting), to Fitzgerald it was poison.28
Why do writers drink? Why does anyone drink? From boredom, loneliness, habit, hedonism, lack of self-confidence; as stress relief or a short-cut to euphoria; to bury the past, obliterate the present or escape the future.29 If people fail to come up with a simple answer, thats because there isnt one. “Drank like a fish, wrote like an angel,”would make a pleasing epitaph30. But in fact,“Drank like a fish, wrote like a fish” is more likely.
1. 此句中提到的作家依次为杰克·凯鲁亚克(美国作家,代表作《在路上》)、狄兰·托马斯(英国作家、诗人,代表作《死亡与出场》)、约翰·契弗(美国现代小说家,代表作《华普肖一家》)、欧内斯特·海明威(美国作家和记者,凭借《老人与海》获得诺贝尔文学奖)和弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(美国作家,代表作《了不起的盖茨比》)。
2. fantasy: 幻想,白日梦。
3. symposia: 座谈会,(古代希腊的)酒会。
4. the seven sages of the Bamboo Grove: 竹林七贤,指的是魏末晋初的七位名士:嵇康、阮籍、山涛、向秀、刘伶、王戎及阮咸,因常在当时的山阳县竹林之下饮酒纵歌,肆意酣畅,故得此名;retire to the country: 归隐乡间;compose: 创作;verse: 诗篇;stanza:诗的一节。
5. 诗人醉意愈浓,文思愈是泉涌。bard: 吟游诗人。
6. strewn: 散布的,撒满的;alcoholic excess:过度饮酒;frontal lobotomy: 额叶切除手术;champagne: 香槟。此句中提到的人物依次为美国作家爱伦·坡、欧内斯特·海明威、威廉·福克纳、哈特·克莱恩、田纳西·威廉斯、杜鲁门·卡波特、多萝西·帕克、雷蒙德·钱德勒、欧·亨利、杰克·伦敦、戴尔莫·施瓦茨、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德、约翰·贝里曼、杰克·凯鲁亚克、查尔斯·布可夫斯基、安妮·塞克斯顿和派翠西亚·海史密斯。
7. The Trip to Echo Spring: 《回声泉之旅》,英国记者、作家奥利维亚·莱恩(Olivia Laing)的作品,讲述了美国六位嗜酒的著名作家与美酒的爱恨情仇;Carver: 雷蒙德·卡佛(Raymond Carver),美国小说家、诗人,代表作《大教堂》,有“海明威之后美国最具影响力的短篇小说作家”之誉。
8. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof: 《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》,田纳西·威廉斯凭此作获得普利策戏剧奖。
9. fallout:(尤指意料不到的)不良影响,结果;insomnia: 失眠症;squalor:(环境)邋遢,肮脏。
10. bohemian chic: 波西米亚风格;boozy: 嗜酒的,暴饮的。
11. recipe: 配方;trademark: 商标,标志;mint julep: 薄荷朱利酒;mojito: 莫吉托;gimlet:吉姆雷特,又名螺丝锥子;margarita: 玛格丽特;gin rickey: 金利克酒(gin是金酒,又名杜松子酒)。这几种都是有名的鸡尾酒。
12. 关于烈性酒的赞美歌在文学作品中比比皆是。paean: 赞美歌,欢乐歌;hard stuff:烈性酒,如威士忌(Whisky)、白兰地(Brandy)和伏特加(Vodka)等。
13. ale: 麦芽酒;stout: 黑啤酒;absinthe: 苦艾酒;Chianti:(意大利)基安蒂红葡萄酒;Burns: 罗伯特·彭斯(Robert Burns),苏格兰农民诗人,代表作《友谊地久天长》;peaty: 泥煤似的,这里指饮用苏格兰威士忌时浓烈的呛味和灼烧感;celebrate:赞颂;miraculous: 神奇的,不可思议的;prank: 恶作剧,戏谑;bardie: 对bard(诗人)的亲昵称谓。括号中的诗句出自彭斯的诗歌“Scotch Drink”。
14. Byron: 拜伦,英国19世纪初伟大的浪漫主义诗人;carpe diem: 拉丁语,意为“及时行乐”;ceiling: 顶盖,天花板;hock: 霍克酒(一种德国产的白葡萄酒)。此处诗句节选自拜伦著名的长篇诗体小说《唐璜》(Don Juan)。
15. spin: 美化,粉饰;Dionysus: 狄奥尼索斯,希腊神话中的酒神;ecstasy: 狂喜;puzzle over: 苦思冥想。
16. deadly sin: 死罪,致命的罪行。
17. 人们深信醉酒是一种福佑,因酒而死有时还被看作是自然体面的死法。graceful:优雅的,体面的。
18. 嗜酒也许是遗传使然。gene: 基因,遗传因子;predisposition: 倾向,意向。
19. trauma: 痛苦经历,精神创伤;unmaternal:母性缺失的,不尽母亲义务的;Gilbeys gin: 杰彼斯 (钻石)金酒,是英式金酒。
20. candour: 坦率,直言不讳;conviction: 确信,深信。
21. shitless: 极度,非常。
22. Tolstoy: 列夫·托尔斯泰(1828—1910),俄国批判现实主义作家、思想家,代表作有《战争与和平》、《安娜·卡列尼娜》和《复活》等;repent: 后悔,懊悔;folly: 蠢事,荒唐事;promiscuity:滥交;temperance society: 戒酒協会;crossbones: 交叉腿骨的图形(常画在骷髅下,象征死亡)。
23. Chekhov: 契诃夫(1860—1904),俄国短篇小说巨匠、批判现实主义艺术大师,代表作《套中人》、《变色龙》;ambivalent: 矛盾的。
24. 正如乔弗里·厄尔本在他新出版的文化历史作品《伏特加的迪达勒斯之书》中表述的那样,他作为医生所掌握的医学知识和他对人性的了解时常让他感到两难。Dedalus: 是一家出版社的名字,本句中提到的作品出自其系列丛书Dedalus Concept Books;torn: 感到两难的。
25. denounce: 谴责,公然抨击;Satan: 撒旦,魔鬼;peddler:小贩。
26. sympathise: 同情,体谅;peasantry: 农民(总称);nectar:花蜜,甘露。
27. 酒瘾体现出不同作家的不同特点,酒量也是。index:(用于判断和量度水平的)标志,指标。
28. 海明威常抱怨菲茨杰拉德太容易喝醉,毕竟对于海明威而言,痛饮烈酒是一件健康且寻常的事,能带来极大的幸福、舒适和愉悦(当然也是他开枪自杀的助力),但对于菲茨杰拉尔德来说,烈酒则是毒药。
29. 人们饮酒,有时是因为生活无趣、内心寂寞、习惯使然、追求享乐或是缺乏自信,有时是为缓解压力,马上兴奋起来,有时则是为了尘封过去,忘却现在,逃避未来。hedonism: 享乐主义;short-cut: 捷径;euphoria: 精神欢快;obliterate: 忘却,抹去。
30. epitaph: 墓志铭。