翟建坡 刘宁 王海
[摘要] 目的 评价成人输尿管口囊肿合并结石的手术治疗方法及其效果。 方法 回顾性分析北京积水潭医院2010年1月~2016年1月收治的10例成人输尿管口囊肿合并结石患者病例资料。均采用经尿道输尿管口囊肿电切联合囊内结石碎石术治疗。其中,男8例,女2例;年龄为22~50岁,平均40岁;单侧8例,双侧2例。其中6例患者行输尿管口囊肿低位开窗去顶+超声碎石取石术;另外4例行输尿管口囊肿低位切开+输尿管镜碎石术。 结果 本组患者的手术均一次成功,手术平均时间为30 min,术后平均住院时间为3 d。患者术后每3个月复查尿常规、B超和膀胱造影,每年复查泌尿系CT和膀胱镜。5例术前有症状者,于术后2周症状消失;有肾积水者,术后3个月复查积水均较前明显减轻,并且膀胱造影均未见膀胱输尿管反流。 结论 经尿道输尿管口囊肿电切联合囊内结石碎石术是治疗成人输尿管口囊肿合并结石的有效方法。
[关键词] 输尿管口囊肿;结石;诊断;治疗
[中图分类号] R693.1;R699.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)05(c)-0083-03
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment for the ureterocele complicated with stone in adults. Methods The clinical data of 10 ureterocele patients complicated with stone, that were admitted in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2010 to January 2016, were retrospective analyzed. There were 8 males and 2 females in the study. The patient age ranged from 22 to 50 years old and the mean age was 40 years old. 8 cases were unilateral ureterocele and 2 patient was bilateral. 6 patients received transurethral resection of ureterocele and endoscopic stone removal with nephroscope. The other 4 patients received transurethral incision of ureterocele and endoscopic stone removal with urteroscope. Results The operations were successful in this group of patients. The mean operation time was 30 minutes. The average postoperative hospital stay was 3 days. Patients were followed-up regularly, urine test, B ultrasound and cystography were done every three months. Urinary CT and cystoscopy were performed each year. Preoperative symptoms that of complained by 5 patients disappeared 2 weeks after the operation. There hydronephrosis were significantly reduced 3 months after the operation, with no vesicoureteral reflux shown by the cystography. Conclusion Transurethral resection or incision of ureterocele and endoscopic stone removal are an effective procedure for the treatment of ureterocele complicated with stone in adults.
[Key words] Ureterocele; Stone; Diagnosis; Treatment
成人輸尿管口囊肿临床较少见,且容易合并囊内结石。输尿管口囊肿合并结石者在临床上容易被漏诊或者误诊,为提高此病的诊断和治疗水平,现收集2010年1月~2016年1月北京积水潭医院泌尿外科收治的成人输尿管口囊肿合并结石患者10例,报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本组患者10例,其中,男8例,女2例;年龄为22~50岁,平均40岁。单侧8例,其中左侧2例,右侧6例;双侧2例;囊肿大小1 cm×1 cm×0.5 cm~5 cm×4 cm×3 cm;输尿管口囊肿均合并有输尿管内结石,结石体积最大为4 cm×3 cm×3 cm;其中1例双侧输尿管口囊肿者合并有双侧输尿管末端结石。
临床症状主要是腰腹部疼痛、膀胱刺激症状和血尿。本组患者中有5例患者首发症状是肾绞痛,伴有血尿,恶心呕吐。无排尿困难和尿流中断。另外5例患者没有症状,为体检偶然发现。
本组患者均常规行B超和CT检查,均存在不同程度的肾积水。B超主要表现为:输尿管末端高回声。CT主要表现为:输尿管末端高密度结石,可突入膀胱内,其近端输尿管扩张(图1~2)。本组患者中有1例误诊为膀胱结石。膀胱镜检查主要表现为:膀胱内隆起样物体,可随着输尿管喷尿而发生体积变化(图3)。
1.2 方法
本組患者均在静脉全麻或者连续硬膜外麻醉下行手术治疗,其中6例行输尿管口囊肿低位开窗去顶+超声碎石取石或者气压弹道碎石取石术:术中采用环状电极切除远侧低位的部分囊肿壁,在囊肿表面开一圆窗,其大小以引流通畅为度,使剩余的近侧囊肿成一活瓣样结构,以防止膀胱输尿管反流(图4)。后将囊肿内结石行超声碎石或者气压弹道碎石取石(图5)。另外4例行输尿管口囊肿低位切开后行输尿管镜碎石。术后常规放置D-J管和尿管,术后保留尿管1~3 d,D-J管保留1个月。
2 结果
本组患者的手术均一次成功,手术平均时间为30 min。术后平均住院时间为3 d,术后未发生泌尿系感染、膀胱及输尿管损伤等并发症。患者术后每3个月复查尿常规、B超和膀胱造影,每1年复查泌尿系CT和膀胱镜。患者术后均恢复良好。5例术前有症状者,于术后2周症状消失。有肾积水者,术后3个月复查积水均较前明显减轻,并且膀胱造影均未见膀胱输尿管反流。
3 讨论
输尿管口囊肿又称输尿管膨出,系输尿管末端在膀胱内形成的囊状膨出。其多属先天性病变,具体发病原因不明。有研究者认为输尿管口囊肿是在输尿管口胚胎形成过程中Chwalla膜没有完全吸收形成的[1]。Schultza等[2]认为输尿管口囊肿的发生和影响肾输尿管发育的基因有关,截至2005年已经有10篇有关输尿管囊肿家系的文献报道[3]。
输尿管口囊肿的发生率在儿童中大约为1/4000[4]。目前关于输尿管口囊肿的分类方法很多[5],其中最为广泛接受的是1984年美国儿科协会提出的分类方法[6],包括单纯性的输尿管口囊肿以及异位输尿管口囊肿。其中单纯性输尿管口囊肿完全位于膀胱之内,异位输尿管口囊肿患者的输尿管开口大部分位于在膀胱颈或者尿道。在对儿童输尿管口囊肿的研究中发现:单纯性输尿管口囊肿的发生率为17%~35%。异位输尿管口囊肿的发生率为80%[7]。异位输尿管口囊肿的患者中80%伴有重复肾畸形,其多引流重复肾的上半肾的尿液。并且上半肾往往发育不良,功能低下[8-9]。输尿管口囊肿好发于左侧,另外大约10%的患者为双侧发病[10-11]。本组患者均符合单纯型输尿管口囊肿,且以单侧病变者为主,其中8例为单侧,2例为双侧。
输尿管口囊肿由于出口小,输尿管长期梗阻、扩张和处于无张力状态而导致尿滞留,成为结石形成的良好环境,囊内一旦并发结石又可加重尿路梗阻形成恶性循环[12-13]。因此对于输尿管口囊肿合并结石者要进行积极的诊治,以免长期梗阻或者继发感染而损伤肾功能[14]。
输尿管口囊肿合并结石临床症状无特异性,诊断主要依靠影像学检查及膀胱镜检查。B超检查表现为:输尿管末端或者膀胱内囊性肿物,呈周期性增大或缩小,其内可发现不随体位变动的结石。静脉尿路造影或CT的典型表现为:膀胱内透明的圆形充盈缺损,边缘光滑;在膀胱造影剂与囊内充盈造影剂衬托下,囊壁呈光晕,即为典型的“眼镜蛇头”征[15]。另外囊肿内可发现结石,如图1、图2所示。膀胱镜检查:镜下可见患侧输尿管开口部位呈球形或卵圆形囊肿,表面光滑,覆盖正常膀胱黏膜,呈节奏性膨胀和回缩,如图3所示。
输尿管口囊肿合并结石的治疗原则为:解除梗阻,防止返流及保护肾功能。对于单纯性输尿管口囊肿,无上尿路重复畸形,囊肿体积小、症状轻,适合内镜手术。而伴有异位或重复输尿管畸形者,尤其儿童患者,多需开放重建手术[16]。Lee等[17]认为机器人辅助的腹腔镜手术因其手术时间短,并发症发生率低,有可能成为开放手术的替代治疗方法。
手术方案的选择应依据患侧肾功能、积液情况、有无尿液反流、囊肿大小等情况而定[18]。对于囊肿直径小于1 cm者,经内镜作低位2~3 mm的小切口减压即可获得满意疗效[19];而对于囊肿直径大于1 cm者,则多主张采用切除大部分囊壁,而在囊肿上部保留部分组织片,此组织片可以在膀胱充盈后压迫于输尿管口起到抗返流的作用。对于输尿管囊肿合并结石者,切除部分囊壁不但解除了原发病因,还可以有足够的空间将结石击碎取出。Lorincz等[20]报道了26例输尿管口囊肿合并结石的患者使用此方法后,术中和术后没有发生严重的并发症,并且发现术后膀胱输尿管反流的风险是极低的。本组患者中有6例即采用此术式,术中和术后均未发生严重并发症,并且术后3个月随访,未见膀胱输尿管反流的发生。
笔者治疗输尿管囊肿合并结石的体会是:①对于膀胱结石同时合并输尿管扩张或者肾积水者,不能只满足于膀胱结石的诊断,要同时注意鉴别有无输尿管口囊肿合并结石的存在;②行输尿管口囊肿切除术,术中切除囊肿内下1/3组织,保留外上2/3组织片,形成活瓣,防止膀胱输尿管反流;③术中切除囊壁时,要尽量使用电切,避免使用电凝,以免造成输尿管口组织挛缩而形成新的输尿管口狭窄。
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(收稿日期:2017-02-20 本文編辑:李岳泽)