朱凤娟
每一处经济的绿色发展,都离不开文化理念的引领;每一个产业的持续增长,都必然有文化特色的内核;每一个企业的自觉自信,都源自文化信念的支撑。
浙江省在建设特色小镇过程中,深谙这个道理。
独特的山水资源、深厚的历史人文,决定了浙江“百镇不同面,镇镇有特色”的发展格局。以文化强特色,以文化调结构,以文化惠民生,以文化稳增长。浙江的特色小镇建设,正在走一条文化传承和创新之路。
文化才是特色小镇精神内核
浙江省特色小镇建设两年多来,效果显著,硕果累累。如火如荼的特色小镇建设,无疑为浙江历史经典产业提供了发展空间。然而,笔者通过采访发现,很多省級特色小镇正在为如何打造小镇文化而“头疼”。
的确,如果撇开产业这个基本要素,再论小镇的特色,其核心元素该是什么呢?笔者认为,应该是一个小镇的内在气质和底蕴,就如同美女佳人千千万,但是能够区别开来的,就是其内在的修养和独特的秉性。
在中国的特色小镇火起来之前,谈论到特色小镇,大家所熟知的就是瑞士的文旅小镇——达沃斯小镇。它位于瑞士东南部格里松斯地区,隶属格劳宾登州,坐落在一条17公里长的山谷里,靠近奥地利边境,是阿尔卑斯山系最高的小镇。
大自然给了达沃斯壮丽独特的天然风光固然是其独特的原因之一,但是更重要的是,达沃斯通过这种空灵的环境向世界传达的解放心灵、解放思想,最终在达沃斯论坛的开办上找准定位,延伸出“无国界的相互理解”、“平等对话、合作和发展”的“达沃斯精神”。世界经济论坛能逐渐成为世界经济对话、共商全球发展的最具有影响力的平台之一,就是基于这种达沃斯精神的深入人心和广泛流传。
一个优秀的特色小镇绝不仅体现在建筑风格和街区环境上,也往往要以发展一个或多个当地特色产业为根基,并着力在各个方面挖掘产业的文化附加值。在我国广大城市,寻找具有地方特色和经济发展潜力的产业并不难,关键难在其同时能够与地方的历史民俗、文化风貌实现有机融合发展,让文化要素提升产业含金量。若能真正把文化作为产业发展的内生动力,那么特色小镇所提倡的宜居、人文、环保、可持续等发展目标自然就容易成为现实。
“新能源小镇的文化究竟如何打造,我们还没有一个具体的方案。”湖州市长兴县副县长詹茂伟表示,对于新能源小镇来说,产业基础和发展前景都很好,但小镇文化的打造着实要费一番功夫。因为新能源产业毕竟不像黄酒丝绸这样的传统产业,有着深厚的文化基础。
同样的问题也困扰着湖州市吴兴区美妆小镇管委会办公室主任邱国强。笔者了解到,美妆小镇的建设目标是结合时代潮流、产业导向,讲好“美丽故事”、做好“美丽产业”、弘扬“美丽文化”,致力打造中国美妆产业集聚中心、中国美妆文化体验中心、国际时尚美妆博览中心。如今,“美丽产业”已初具规模,但“美丽故事”怎么讲?“美丽文化”怎么打造?如何结合产业特色和时代潮流营造出独特的美妆文化?这些都是急需解决的难题。当前,面对这些难题的特色小镇远远不止这两家。
按照浙江对特色小镇建设的要求,特色小镇是产业、文化、旅游和社区的有机结合,每个特色小镇都要有文化标识,能够给人留下难忘的文化印象。要把文化基因植入产业发展全过程,培育创新文化、历史文化、农耕文化、山水文化,汇聚人文资源,形成“人无我有”的区域特色文化。一旦小镇通过文化彰显的气质和内涵稳固下来,小镇才真正富有个性特色。
凸现文化特色 塑造小镇灵魂
在浙江,特色小镇不是行政区划单元意义上的“镇”,也不同于产业园区、风景区的“区”,而是按照创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享发展理念,结合自身特质,找准产业定位,进行科学规划,挖掘产业特色、人文底蕴和生态禀赋,形成“产、城、人、文”四位一体有机结合的重要功能平台。
2015年以来,浙江先后公布了两批省级特色小镇建设名单,打造具有明确产业定位、文化内涵、旅游和一定社区功能的发展平台。浙江的特色小镇建设发展迅速,不仅助推当地经济社会发展,在文化遗产保护、传统经典文化产业发展、公共文化服务配套、特色小镇文化活动等方面有显著成效。同时,围绕文化产业打造特色产业结构,给特色小镇带来长期的繁荣和人口的集聚,也塑造了享誉海内外的品牌影响力。
在以互联网创新为特色的余杭“梦想小镇”,近年来就有近20处各级各类历史文化遗产得到了有效保护和合理利用。国家重点文保单位“余杭四无粮仓”陈列馆,是全国第一家以粮食仓储为主题的博物馆;仓前塘路油车坊修缮后成为章太炎故居的配套场馆,开展“太炎国学经典诵读夏令营”等国学普及活动;而整治后的仓前老街,更是成为别具特色的公共文化服务平台,极大丰富了市民、游客的文化生活。
丽水莲都的古堰画乡小镇,拥有浙江省保存最为完整的生态河川景观以及世界灌溉工程遗产——通济堰,通过不断挖掘当地的古堰文化、船帮文化等文化资源,助推当地的旅游发展。与此同时,通过打造独具特色的油画产业基地,搭建起了具有一定影响力的艺术品交流展示平台。
景宁畲乡小镇等特色小镇,在建设规划开始就把公共文化服务的配套工程纳入其中,文化艺术中心、剧院、图书馆、博物馆、展示馆等一大批工程在各个特色小镇开始建设,部分已经投入使用。还有些特色小镇在文化活动策划、文化对外交流方面开展了探索,乌镇戏剧节等特色小镇文化活动的影响力显著增强。省文化馆、美术馆等也围绕特色小镇文化建设举办了特色小镇群众文艺展演、特色小镇题材音乐新作展演、系列专题展览等活动,为特色小镇文化品牌的打造奠定了良好基础。
据了解,浙江有青田石雕小镇、嵊州越剧小镇、遂昌汤显祖戏曲小镇、湖州丝绸小镇、南浔善琏湖笔小镇等非遗主题的特色小镇17个及民俗文化村13个。另外,还有一批艺术主题的特色小镇,每年都会举办一些具有影响力的文化活动,如乌镇国际戏剧节、丽水莲都古堰新韵国际音乐节、西湖艺创小镇中国青年音乐节,以及余杭梦想小镇、古堰画乡小镇举办的系列文创、美术活动等。
浙江省文化廳副厅长蔡晓春说:“目前,我们正在着手组建文化专家指导服务组,人才下沉到一线,资源下沉到基层,帮助特色小镇在规划编制中融入文化元素,提高特色小镇的文化发展水平。我们努力将特色小镇建设成为具有明确产业定位、文化内涵、旅游和一定社区功能的发展平台,实现文化让特色小镇更美好,特色小镇让文化更具魅力的目的。”
正如《浙江省文化厅关于加快推进特色小镇文化建设的若干意见》中提出的,要运用“文化+”的动力和路径,有效助推特色小镇建设,充分发挥文化在塑魂、育人、兴业、添乐、扬名等方面不可替代的作用,切实指导特色小镇挖掘文化资源、提供文化服务、提炼文化品质,真正在特色小镇建设中塑造文化灵魂,树立文化标识,留下文化印象。
针对浙江推出一系列加快打造特色小镇文化特色和文化功能的举措,业界认为,只有把文化作为产业发展的内生动力,使浙江特色小镇文化遗产传承有序、人文气息浓郁深厚、文化产业特色鲜明、文化生态优美精致,多种功能互动叠加,特色小镇文化功能“聚而合”、文化形态“精而美”、文化产业“特而强”、文化机制“活而新”以及创新、人文、环保、可持续发展等目标才能成为现实。
(本文照片由作者提供)
The Primary Color
The ‘Town Reconstruction of Zhejiang Province
By Zhu Fengjuan
It has been proved again and again that cultural awareness is the key to economic sustainability as well as entrepreneurial success. A good example is what Zhejiang Province has achieved in its reconstruction of small towns by drawing force from culture.
Aiming to open up more developmental space in the industrial setup of the province, the reconstruction of small towns in Zhejiang has been in full swing for two years. If industry will always remain a basic element in the development of any town, it is equally crucial to pinpoint the inherent cultural quality in order to make a town ‘distinctive in the true sense of the word.
When talking about development of towns near or far away from cities, no one can exclude Davos, a municipality in the Pr?ttigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubünden in eastern Switzerland. With a permanent population of only 11,109 (2015), it is located on the river Landwasser, nestled in the Rhaetian Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Range. It is the highest “town” in Europe, and is the home of one of Switzerlands biggest ski resorts. However, Davos did not win the hearts of the world only for its unique scenic wonders bestowed by Nature. It is chosen as the host to World Economic Forum (WEF), an annual meeting of global political and business elites (often referred to simply as Davos) for the spiritual charm encapsulated in the towns ethereal landscapes. The ‘Davos spirit resonates what is now pursued painstakingly by all countries struggling in todays political fickleness, that is, ‘equality, ‘freedom and ‘mutual understanding.
What makes a town ‘distinctive goes far beyond its architectural fa?ade. It is the added value lying underneath the industrial shell that makes a town shine. In China, it is not hard to find the cultural distinctiveness, or ‘identity of towns and small cities. The challenge is to find a win-win strategy to integrate the cultural potentials in the overall economic development.
Changxing, a county in Huzhou, is facing such a challenge. In terms of the industrial base and the prospects of new energy industry, Changxing has what it takes to build a ‘new energy town. “There is a long way to go before we can work out more details regarding specific goals and the implementation,” confessed Vice County Magistrate Zhan Maowei.
Qiu Guoqiang, director of the management committee of Wuxing Districts ‘Cosmetics Town, is facing the same plight. The blueprint has been drawn. The towns new cosmetics industry is taking shape. The question is, how to tell the ‘story about beauty and how to promote the ‘culture of beauty?
The provinces ‘small town reconstruction is not conducted on a jurisdictional basis, and is different from such concepts as ‘industrial parks or ‘tourist areas. It is about the construction of a series of industrial platforms based on new economic development notions that emphasize the importance of cultural input.
The reconstruction has been going boldly across Zhejiang over the past two years since 2015. Many of the towns are seeing a new burst of industrial prosperity and population agglomeration, and seeing themselves establish new reputation as a result of such reconstruction. A good example is the ‘Dream Town in Yuhang, Hangzhou. It took the town only two years to rise as a cultural and educational hub that has drawn in visitors for its cultural and historic treasures displayed in various newly developed cultural spots, including Chinas first museum dedicated to Chinas foodstuff storage history and the Cangqian Street sizzling with the heritage of Zhang Taiyan (1868-1936), a Chinese philologist, textual critic, philosopher, and revolutionary.
The beautiful ‘oil art town and the ‘she culture town in Jingning Autonomous County in Zhejiangs Lishui District also serves as successful example of tourism reinvigoration through the power of culture. The power of culture can also been tasted in the ‘stone carving town in Qingtian, the ‘Yueju Opera town in Shengzhou, the ‘Tang Xianzu town in Suichang, the ‘silk town and the ‘writing brush town in Nanxun, both in Huzhou.