复合试剂“M”和PBO对库尔勒香梨产量和果实品质的影响

玉山·库尔班，木合塔尔·扎热，齐曼·尤努斯，覃伟铭

(1.新疆农业大学林学与园艺学院，乌鲁木齐 830052；2.阿克苏地区林业局，新疆阿克苏 843000；3.新疆林业科学院经济林研究所，乌鲁木齐 830063；4.新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州沙依东园艺场果树研究所，新疆库尔勒 841000)



复合试剂“M”和PBO对库尔勒香梨产量和果实品质的影响

玉山·库尔班1,2，木合塔尔·扎热3，齐曼·尤努斯1，覃伟铭4

(1.新疆农业大学林学与园艺学院，乌鲁木齐 830052；2.阿克苏地区林业局，新疆阿克苏 843000；3.新疆林业科学院经济林研究所，乌鲁木齐 830063；4.新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州沙依东园艺场果树研究所，新疆库尔勒 841000)

【目的】对比分析复合试剂“M”和PBO对库尔勒香梨脱萼率、坐果率和果实品质指标的影响，为库尔勒香梨高产优质可持续发展提供科学的应用技术和理论依据。【方法】以盛果期的库尔勒香梨为研究对象，在其盛花期喷施不同浓度的复合试剂“M”和PBO，测定其脱萼率、坐果率及部分果实品质指标。【结果】喷施不同浓度的复合试剂“M”和PBO均明显提高了库尔勒香梨的脱萼率和坐果率，改善了果实品质，其中M1试剂的效果最显著，其脱萼率、花朵坐果率分别为83.3%和11.7%，比CK(对照)分别高42.1%和4.8%，比PBO处理分别高18.4%和2.6%；M1处理的果实花青素和叶绿素含量也均最高，极显著高于PBO处理，其类胡萝卜素含量反而最低；与CK相比，PBO和M1处理均明显提高香梨果实VC含量、糖含量、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比，降低单宁和可滴定酸含量，其中M1处理的果实蔗糖和总糖含量均极显著高于PBO处理，果糖含量显著高于PBO处理，单宁含量反而显著低于PBO处理，其它果实品质指标间均无显著差异。【结论】盛花期喷施复合试剂M1，能够显著提高库尔勒香梨脱萼率、坐果率，提升果实品质，在库尔勒香梨高产优质生产中具有推广价值。

库尔勒香梨；脱萼率；坐果率；果实品质

0 引 言

1 材料与方法

1.1 材 料

研究以盛果期的库尔勒香梨(树龄为15 a)为试验对象，试验地设于巴州沙依东园艺场香梨园(规模≥1.33 hm2(20亩)，株行距为4 m×5 m)，所选择的试验树长势和树形基本一致，历年病虫害较少，田间水肥管理水平中等。

1.2 方 法

1.2.1 试验设计

于2011年4月18日(库尔勒香梨盛花期),在整株试验树上喷施两个浓度的复合试剂“M”(分别标注为M1和M2)及250倍的PBO试剂，每个处理作5个重复(5株试验树)，以自来水处理作为对照(CK)，各处理之间的距离≥15 m，并在各处理的每株试验树东南西北中层主枝上，随机选择一条侧枝挂牌标志作为统计枝，并统计了其花序数量和花朵数量。2011年6月中旬生理落果结束后，在统计枝上再次统计结果数量和脱萼果数量，并计算花序坐果率、花朵坐果率、脱萼率和宿萼率。到9月8日(库尔勒香梨果实成熟期)，在各处理的每株试验树上东南西北随机采取成熟果实40个(每处理共200个果实),混匀后通过四分法又选择50个果实带回实验室保存在冰柜冷藏室(2±2)℃，保证10 d内测定果实中的可溶性固形物、总糖、果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、单宁、VC、有机酸、可滴定酸含量和果皮色素含量。

1.2.2 指标测定

1.2.2.1 果皮花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量

总之，数学是一门严谨的学科，巧设情境是一门精妙的教学艺术，教师在教学中要结合教材并联系生活实际创设各种情境，做到以境激学，以境促学，让情境创设成为课堂教学的催化剂，让学生在情境中体验学习数学的乐趣，使学生爱学，乐学，从而切实提高学生学习数学的能力。

花青素含量测定：首先用水果刀刨取厚薄基本一致(约l mm)的果皮(典型取样)，然后称取3 g放入10 mL的试管里，然后加入0.05% HCI-甲醇溶液浸提果皮中的花青素，放置24 h后测定其吸光度[13]；叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的测定参考丙酮(80%)提取—分光光度计比色法[14]。

1.2.2.2 果实内在品质

果实内在品质的测定均采用常规测定方法。采用蒽酮比色法测定蔗糖和果糖含量[15]；还原糖含量参考3,5-硝基水杨酸比色法测定[16]；葡萄糖=还原糖-果糖；总糖=还原糖+蔗糖[17]。VC含量采用二甲苯-2，6-二氯靛酚比色法进行测定[18]。单宁含量的测定参考Folin-Denis测定法[19]。有机酸和可滴定酸含量的测定参考标准碱式滴定法。可溶性固形物用手持测糖仪测定；固酸比=可溶性固形物÷可滴定酸。

1.3 数据处理

对所测定的试验数据使用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析，用SigmaPlot 10.0进行作图。图表中的不同英文大小写字母分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平上有显著差异，所有数据均取(n≥5)平均值(means±Std.Deviation)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 复合试剂“M”和PBO处理对库尔勒香梨脱萼率和坐果率的影响

研究表明，喷施复合试剂“M”和PBO处理使库尔勒香梨幼果脱萼率均极显著高于CK(P<0.01)，宿萼果率则相反。各处理中，M1处理的脱萼率最高，极显著高于M2和PBO处理(P<0.01)，但M2与PBO处理的脱萼率间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与CK处理的幼果脱萼率(41.1%)相比，M1、M2和PBO处理的脱萼率分别高42.1%、16.6%和23.7%。图1

图1 复合试剂“M”和PBO下库尔勒香脱萼率和宿萼率变化

Fig.1 Effect of Compound reagent “M” and PBO on the Dropping and Persistent Calyx Rate of Korla Fragrant Pear

研究表明，在常规管理条件下，库尔勒香梨的花序坐果率和花朵坐果率分别为41.1%、6.9%，喷施复合试剂“M”和PBO后，其花序坐果率和花朵坐果率均有所提高，各处理的花序坐果率和花朵坐果率高低顺序均为M1>PBO>M2>CK，其中M1和PBO处理的花序坐果率和花朵坐果率均显著高于CK，M1处理比CK分别高21.1%、4.8%，PBO处理比CK分别高13.8%、2.2%。M2处理的花序坐果率和花朵坐果率与CK相比，其间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。图2

图2 复合试剂“M”和PBO下库尔勒香梨坐果变化

Fig.2 Effect of Compound reagent “M” and PBO on the Fruit Setting Rate and of Korla Fragrant Pear

2.2 复合试剂“M”和PBO处理对库尔勒香梨果皮色素含量的影响

研究表明，复合试剂“M”和PBO处理对库尔勒香梨果皮中的花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量受到一定的影响。喷施不同浓度复合试剂“M”和PBO后，库尔勒香梨果皮中的花青素含量均明显上升，各处理中M1处理的果皮花青素含量最高，其次为M2处理，二者果皮中的花青素含量均极显著高于CK(P<0.01)，PBO处理的果皮中的花青素含量与CK处理相比，其间有显著差异(P<0.05)(图3A)。不同浓度复合试剂“M”和PBO处理使库尔勒香梨果皮中的叶绿素含量均有所上升，各处理中除了M1处理果皮叶绿素含量极显著高于CK(P<0.01)外，其它处理的果皮叶绿素含量与CK间均无显著差异(P>0.05)(图3B)。虽然不同浓度复合试剂“M”和PBO处理对库尔勒香梨果皮中类胡萝卜素含量有一定的影响，但各处理与CK间的差异均不显著(P>0.05)(图3C)。图3

图3 复合试剂“M”和PBO下库尔勒香梨果皮色素含量变化

Fig.3 Effect of Compound reagent “M” and PBO on the pigments content of Kurla Fragrant Pear

2.3 复合试剂“M”和PBO处理对库尔勒香梨单宁、VC、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的影响

研究表明，不同浓度复合试剂“M”和PBO处理均对库尔勒香梨果实中的单宁、VC、可溶性固形物、有机酸和可滴定酸含量有一定程度的影响。各处理中，M1、M2和PBO处理的单宁含量均低于CK，其中M1处理的果实单宁含量最低，极显著低于M2和CK(P<0.01)，显著低于PBO处理(P<0.05)；PBO处理的果实单宁含量极显著低于CK(P<0.01)，与M2处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。M1、M2和PBO处理的果实VC含量均极显著高于CK(P<0.01)，三者相比均差异不显著(P>0.05)。M1和PBO处理的果实可溶性固形物含量均显著高于CK(P<0.05)，而二者处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)，M2与PBO和CK处理相比也均差异不显著(P>0.05)。M1、M2和PBO处理的果实可滴定酸含量均极显著低于CK(P<0.01)，其中M1和PBO处理的果实可滴定酸含量均显著低于M2处理(P<0.05)，M1与PBO间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。M1、M2和PBO处理的果实固酸比极显著高于CK(P<0.01)，M1和PBO处理的固酸比间差异不显著(P>0.05)，而二者的固酸比均极显著高于M2(P<0.01)。表1

表1 复合试剂“M”和PBO下对库尔勒香梨单宁、VC、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量变化

Table 1 Effect of Compound reagent “M” and PBO on the contents of tannin, vc, titrationacid and soluble solid of Kurla Fragrant Pear

处理Treatment单宁含量Tannincontents(mg/g)VC含量VCcontents(mg/100g)可溶性固形物Solublesolidcontents(%)可滴定酸Titrationacidcontents(%)固酸比Solid-acidratioCK11 373±0 040Aa9 590±0 063Bb11 672±0 360Bc0 082±0 003Aa142 913±7 830CcPBO1 087±0 034BCb9 776±0 083Aa12 590±0 352Aab0 064±0 003Cc196 160±12 869AaM11 010±0 016Cc9 783±0 051Aa12 681±0 272Aa0 061±0 001Cc208 605±3 511AaM21 102±0 029Bb9 780±0 047Aa12 066±0 173Bbc0 070±0 004Bb173 056±5 676Bb

2.4 复合试剂“M”和PBO处理对库尔勒香梨果实糖含量的影响

研究表明，M1和PBO处理的果实蔗糖和果糖含量均极显著高于CK(P<0.01)，M2处理的果实蔗糖含量与CK间差异不显著(P>0.05)，其果糖含量反而显著低于CK(P<0.05)，M1处理的蔗糖含量极显著高于PBO(P<0.01)，二者的果糖含量间有显著差异(P<0.05)(图4A、B)。M1、M2、PBO处理的总糖含量均极显著高于CK(P<0.01)，其总糖含量高低的顺序依次为M1>PBO>M2>CK，三个处理相比，其间均有极显著差异(P<0.01)(图3C)。M1、M2和PBO处理的果实葡萄糖含量均极显著高于CK(P<0.01)，其中M2的提高葡萄糖含量的效果最明显，显著高于处理M1和PBO(P<0.05)，但M1和PBO的葡萄糖含量间无显著差异(P>0.05)。图3、图4

图4 复合试剂“M”和PBO下库尔勒香糖含量变化

Fig.4 Effect of Compound reagent “M” and PBO on the sugars content of Kurla Fragrant Pear

3 讨 论

目前，库尔勒香梨栽培上技术人员推广施用的脱萼剂主要是PBO，虽然PBO对库尔勒香梨幼果萼片脱落有一定的促进作用[9,10,12]，但其施用过的香梨园仍然存在一定量的宿萼果，影响果农收入的提升，无法满足消费者的高要求。试验结果表明，喷施不同浓度的复合试剂“M”和PBO都能够明显提高库尔勒香梨的脱萼率及花朵和花序坐果率，各处理中M1处理对提高脱萼率和坐果率的效果均显著高于PBO。

果皮色泽影响果实外观品质的主要因素之一，果皮着色程度主要由花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等色素含量的高低所决定，这些因素均影响库尔勒香梨果实的鲜艳程度[20]。试验结果表明，与CK处理和PBO处理相比，盛花期喷施M1试剂后，库尔勒香梨成熟果皮由于其花青素和叶绿素含量显著增加以及类胡萝卜素含量的显著下降而显得更鲜艳，更光亮。

果实的风味主要由果实中的糖、酸、单宁和芳香等多种物质含量的比值所决定的，因此，果实中的可溶性固形物、糖、酸含量和固酸比等因子是决定果实品质最重要的指标[21,22]，“低酸高糖”依然是大部分果实的优质特点之一[23]，果实VC含量也是一个重要的品质指标，其在果实中含量高低直接影响到果实的营养价值[24]。所以，提高VC含量和固酸比，降低单宁的措施是高品质香梨生产的关键[25]。试验结果表明，复合试剂M1处理的果实糖、VC、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比都均高于PBO，单宁和可滴定酸含量反而低于PBO，使用复合试剂M1改善库尔勒香梨果实品质的效果比PBO高。

4 结 论

4.1 库尔勒香梨盛花期喷施“M”系列复合试剂和PBO均能够有效提高库尔勒香梨坐果率和脱萼率，各处理花朵坐果率和脱萼率高低顺序均为M1>PBO>M2>CK，其中M1处理比CK坐果率(6.9%)和脱萼率(41.1%)分别高4.8%和42.1%，比PBO处理分别高2.6%和18.4%。

4.2 各处理的花青素和叶绿素含量的大小顺序均为M1>M2>PBO>CK，类胡萝卜素含量的大小顺序为M2>CK>PBO>M1，说明M1处理使库尔勒香梨果实外观品质保持更鲜艳。

4.3 M1处理的库尔勒香梨果实VC(9.783±0.051) mg/100 g、可溶性固形物含量(12.681±0.272%)和固酸比(208.605±3.511)均高于CK、PBO和M2处理，但其单宁(1.010±0.016) mg/g和可滴定酸含量(0.061±0.001%)均最低。

4.4 各处理的糖含量相比，M1处理的总糖含量(4.59±0.18%)最高，比CK、M2和PBO处理分别高2.06%、0.81%和0.33%。

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Effect of Compound Reagent "M" and PBO on the Yield and Fruit Quality of Korla Fragrant Pear

Yusan Kurban1,2, Muhtar Zari3, Qiman Yunus1, QIN Wei-ming4

(1.CollegeofForestryandHorticulture,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi830052China; 2.AksuForestryBureau,AksuXinjiang843000China; 3.ResearchInstituteofEconomicForestry,XinjiangAcademyofForestrySciences,Urumqi830063,China; 4.PomologyResearchInstituteofSaydongHorticulturalFarm,BayingolMongolianAutonomousPrefecture,KorlaXinjiang841000,China)

【Objective】 This project aims to compare the effects of compound reagent "M" and PBO on calyx dropping rate, fruit setting rate and fruit quality index of Korla fragrant pear in order to provide application technology and theoretical basis for its high yield, good quality and sustainable development. 【Method】The Korla fragrant pear at full-bloom stage was used as test materials to determine the calyx dropping rate, fruit setting rate and fruit quality treated with different concentrations of compound reagent "M" and PBO. 【Result】The calyx dropping rate, fruit setting rate and fruit quality of Korla fragrant pear were significantly increased after spraying different concentrations of compound reagent "M" and PBO, among which, the M1 treatment had the most significant effect, its non-calyx fruit rate, fruit setting rate of flower were 83.3% and 11.7%, 42.1% and 4.8% respectively higher than those of the CK (control), 18.4% and 2.6% respectively higher than those by PBO treatment; The anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents of M1 treatment were the highest, which were significantly higher than those by PBO treatments, but its carotenoid content was the lowest; Compared with CK, VC content, sugar content, soluble solid content and solid acid ratio of Korla fragrant pear were significantly increased than those by both PBO and M1 treatments, but Tannin content and titratable acid content were significantly decreased. Among them the M1 treatment had a significantly higher sucrose and total sugar content than the PBO treatment. The fructose content was significantly higher than that of PBO treatment and its tannin content was significantly lower than that of PBO treatment, and there was no significant difference among other fruit quality indexes. 【Conclusion】The compound reagent M1 sprayed at full-bloom stage can significantly increase the non-calyx fruit rate, fruit setting rate and fruit quality, which has popularization value in production of high yield and good quality of Korla Fragrant Pear.

Korla fragrant pear; calyx dropping rate; fruit setting rate; fruit quality

Younusi(1963-), female, Xinjiang Yining, Professor, Academic advisor, research field is Fruit Tree Physiology, (E-mail)-qimanyn@126.com

10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.04.005

2017-02-06

国家自然科学基金项目“花期气温变化下库尔勒香梨脱萼果与宿萼果形成机理研究”(31360470)

玉山·库尔班(1985-)，男，新疆拜城人，林业工程师，硕士，研究方向为果树栽培生理，(E-mail)yusan85@163.com

齐曼·尤努斯(1963-)，女，新疆伊宁人，教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为果树生理，(E-mail)-qimanyn@126.com

S661.2

A

1001-4330(2017)04-0626-08

Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China " Research on Abscisic Calyx and Persistent Calyx Fruit Formation Mechanism of Korla Fragrant Pear under Flowering Temperature Changes" (31360470)