“七座山丘之城”——土耳其伊斯坦布尔市

□文/徐胜

“七座山丘之城”
——土耳其伊斯坦布尔市

□文/徐胜

伊斯坦布尔市（土耳其语：İstanbul）是土耳其最大的城市、最大的港口和工业、运输、经济、贸易、金融、文化中心，世界著名的旅游胜地和国际大都市之一。其位于土耳其博斯普鲁斯海峡两岸，跨欧亚大陆，是黑海门户、连接欧亚两洲的枢纽要道，战略地位重要，曾经是古代丝绸之路的终点。城市总面积6220平方公里,市区面积1539平方公里，人口约1437万。

伊斯坦布尔市是历史古城，曾是罗马帝国、拜占庭帝国和奥斯曼帝国的首都，在欧亚文明史上留有绚丽的身影。公元前658年，城市始建在金角湾与马尔马拉海之间的地岬上，称拜占庭，是古希腊的一个城邦。公元324年，罗马帝国的君士坦丁大帝从罗马迁都于此。公元330年改名为君士坦丁堡（意为君士坦丁之城），别称新罗马。从10世纪时起，突厥人和阿拉伯人开始称君士坦丁堡为伊斯坦布尔，这个名称来自希腊语“στην Πόλη”（stim boli），即“在城里”、“进城去”。1453年土耳其人将其作为奥斯曼帝国首都后，始称伊斯坦布尔，但西方国家仍习称君士坦丁堡。1923年土耳其共和国建都安卡拉，伊斯坦布尔成为正式名称。伊斯坦布尔市亦有“七座山丘的城市”之名，这是因为其老城是由君士坦丁建于七座山丘上，与罗马的七座山丘相映衬。另外，因伊斯坦布尔在整个中世纪有着极高的重要性和丰厚的财富，令其享有另一美丽的名字“众城市的女王”。

有了古希腊、古罗马、奥斯曼、土耳其等欧亚文明历史的沧桑变迁，还有基督教、东正教、伊斯兰教等多宗教的交相辉映，欧亚非多民族的文化交汇融合，都给这座城市留下了丰富的名胜古迹：圣索菲亚大教堂、托普卡珀宫、苏莱曼清真寺、蓝色清真寺等诸多历史瑰宝。丰富的文化遗产，美丽的自然风光，让整座城市显得既端庄凝重，又色彩绚丽。城市的历史城区在1985年被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。作为郁金香的原产国，土耳其人视郁金香为国花。每年4月，伊斯坦布尔市都要举行国际郁金香节。几百种、几千万株郁金花遍布城市的大街小巷，让整座城市成为花的海洋。

伊斯坦布尔市工业、金融业、渔业、畜牧业、园艺业发达。工业门类主要有纺织、食品、电子、水泥、烟草、船舶修理等。伊斯坦布尔市雇用的工业就业人员大约占土耳其全国的20%，其工业生产值占土耳其全国的38%。在伊斯坦布尔市和周边省份的食品加工、纺织品生产、石油产品、橡胶、金属制品、皮革、化工、医药、电子、玻璃、机械、汽车、运输车辆、纸及纸制品以及酒类饮品都是城市的主要工业产品。伊斯坦布尔证券交易所（ISE）是土耳其唯一的证券市场。伊斯坦布尔市拥有土耳其55%的贸易额和45%的批发贸易，国民生产总值占该国的21.2%，贡献了土耳其40%的税收。

拜占庭风格的圣索菲亚大教堂

为建立可持续、创新型的城市品牌和扩大国际影响力，伊斯坦布尔市制定了《2015—2019年战略规划》，包含了这5年对于投资、服务和开展活动的目的和任务目标，涵盖从规划及区域管理到交通建设、从环境到文化、从灾害及风险防控到面向城市及社会生活的服务、从社会治理到健康等在社会生活和民生中占有重要地位的方方面面，并确定了城市主要服务领域和综合管理领域的战略目标。

博斯普鲁斯海峡风光

主要服务领域的战略目标具体有：

灾害管理：利用有效风险管理，确实保障对灾害、紧急情况的干预和改善能力。

区域规划管理：对于城市的自然历史和文化遗产，通过引导社会、经济和城市形态发展，致力于创造适于人居住的城市。

交通服务管理：提供以人为本、便利、可持续、高质量、快捷、安全、舒适的交通服务。

文化服务管理：致力于城市历史与文化遗产的保护和提高，繁荣城市的文化生活。

社会救援服务：发展、拓展以服务于市民社会需求为目的的救援服务。

健康服务管理：以可持续性的方法，在健康服务方面提高生活质量。

城区和公共秩序：改善并确保城区和公共秩序。

环保管理：创造可持续的环境。

综合管理领域的战略目标具体有：

确保能够快捷获取服务领域的准确信息。

将伊斯坦布尔市转变成世界地方城市间进行国际交流活动的中心，由参与者转变成秩序制订者。

加强市政府与所辖区域的协调与合作。

有效而充分的管理支配资源。

提供有针对性的工作培训服务。

加强与投资者的交流与合作。

以让投资者获得最大满足感为要求，组织好项目设计和实施进程。

在持续发展中，改进整体结构和工作方式。

近年来，重庆市与伊斯坦布尔市友好交流与合作不断深化。3月29日下午，重庆市四届人大常委会第三十五次会议上表决通过了重庆市与土耳其伊斯坦布尔市建立友好城市关系的议案，两市正式结为友好城市。3月27日上午，重庆市四届人大常委会第三十五次会议第一次全体会议上，受市政府委托，市政府外事侨务办主任吴康明就《重庆市人民政府关于提请审议重庆市与土耳其伊斯坦布尔市建立友好城市关系的议案》作说明时说，重庆与伊斯坦布尔市同为“一带一路”上的重要支点城市，近年来双方友好交流与合作取得积极进展。土耳其地理位置和地缘政治战略意义重要，是我市拓展中东市场的重要目的地。重庆市与伊斯坦布尔市合作基础良好，产业互补性强，交流合作前景广阔。两市正式建立友好城市关系，将进一步推动双方在经济、贸易、航空、物流、文化、教育、旅游等领域的友好交流和互利合作，助推我市内陆开放高地建设。

（作者单位：重庆市人民政府外事侨务办公室亚洲处）

图片来源：全景图库

Being a world-famous tourist attraction and a cosmopolitan city, Istanbul (İstanbul in Turkish) not only boasts the biggest city and port in Turkey, but represents the center of Turkish industry, transportation, economy, trade, finance and culture.Located on the shore of the Strait of Bosporus in Turkey and across the Eurasian continent, it serves as the gateway of Black Sea open to the outside world and a pivot connecting both Asian and European continents.In addition to its important geographic strategic location, it was once positioned as the destination of China’s Ancient Silk Road.Istanbul has a total area of 6,220 square kilometers with downtown area of 1,539 square kilometers, and has a population of 14.37 million.

Praised as a historical city, Istanbul was the capital of Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire and Osman Empire successively, leaving a splendid impression on the history of Asian and European civilizations.There was a city-state built on the cape between Hali and Sea of Marmara in BC 658, which was called Byzantium; in AD 324, Constantinus I Magnus, the Emperor of Roman Empire, relocated its capital here from Rome; in AD 330, the Emperor changed its name as Constantinople (referred to the city of Constantinus I Magnus), known as New Rome; from the 10th century, Turks and Arabs began to call Constantinople as Istanbul which originated from Greek “στην Πόλη” (stim boli), namely “in the city”, “go to city”; in 1453, having taken it as the capital of Osman Empire, people in Turkey began to call it Istanbul, but countries in the western world has been still accustomed to naming it Constantinople; in 1923, Republic of Turkey was founded in Ankara, and Istanbul became an official name.Istanbul gets its another name of “A City with Seven Hills” since its old city was built on seven hills by Constantinus I Magnus, setting close against the seven hills in Rome.Besides, it also won another great name of“The Queen of Other Cities” as it was of great significance in its geographical strategy and accommodated an ocean of wealth.

Numerous historical sites in this city are attributed to the vicissitudes of Eurasian civilization and history including Ancient Greek, Ancient Rome, Osman Empire and Turkey, mutual existence and enhancement among Christianity, Orthodox Church, Islam and other religions, and cultural exchange and integration among European, Asian and African nations: Hagia Sophia Church, Topkapi Sarayi Palace, Suleymaniye Mosque and Blue Mosque.The whole city glows with dignified and colorful charm for its rich cultural heritage and picturesque natural scenery.Besides, the historical downtown area in Istanbul was listed in the world heritage by UNESCO.Being the original country of tulip, people in Turkey take tulip as their national flower.Istanbul holds the annual International Tulip Festival each April in which hundreds of varieties of tulips with a total of tens of millions of tulips spread all over the city, bathing the whole city in the ocean of flower.

Istanbul is advanced in the fields of industry, fiance, fishery, livestock husbandry and horticulture.Industry in Istanbul has a wide category of textile, food, electronics, cement, tobacco and ship repair.People engaged in industry in Istanbul account for 20 percent of national industrial workers with a great proportion of national industrial productive value, reaching 38 percent.Major industrial products in Istanbul and its surrounding provinces have a long list of processed food, textiles, petroleum products, rubber, metal products, leather, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, glass, machinery, automobiles, transport vehicles, paper and paper-related products, and alcoholic beverages.Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) is the only stock market in Turkey.Istanbul has a huge proportion of national trade volume and wholesale trade, reaching 55 percent and 45 percent respectively.Istanbul holds 21.2 percent of national GNP, contributing to 40 percent of Turkish tax revenue.

To cultivate a sustainable and innovation-oriented city brand andexpand its international influence, Istanbul stipulated Five-year strategic plan from 2015 to 2019, involving the purposes, missions and goals required for investment, services and various activities in these fi ve years.The plan covers every aspects of playing a crucial role in the social life and livelihood from planning and regional management to transportation improvement, environmental conservation to cultural cultivation, disaster and risk prevention to services for city and social life, social governance to health.It also laid down strategic goals in the both fields of city’s services and comprehensive management.

Strategic goals in the field of major services are listed specifically: Disaster management: employ an effective risk management to ensure the intervention in disasters and emergencies and improve management capabilities.

Regional planning and management: guide society, economy and city to develop in a sound direction to conserve natural, historical and cultural heritages and strive for cultivating a city suitable for people’s living.

Transportation service management: provide such transportation services that are featured with people orientation, convenience, sustainable development, high quality, safety and comfort.

Cultural service management: be committed to conserving and improving city’s historical and cultural heritages and enriching its cultural life.

Social rescue service: foster and expand the rescue service with a goal of meeting citizens’ social demands.

Health related service management: improve citizens’ life quality in the health-related services in a sustainable way.

Downtown and public order: improve and ensure downtown and public order.

Environmental protection management: create a sustainable environment.

Strategic goals in the field of comprehensive management are listed specifically:

Ensure the access to accurate information about services in a fast and convenient way.

Transform Istanbul into an international exchange center for cities all over the world and change its role from participator to rule maker.

Strengthen coordination and cooperation between city government and regions under its jurisdiction.

Manage and allocate resources in an effective and full way.

Provide targeted services for work training.

Enhance exchanges and cooperation with investors.

Well organize project design and implementation process to maximize the satisfaction of investors.

Improve overall structure and working ways in the sustainable development.

In recent years, further efforts have been made in the friendly exchanges and cooperation between Chongqing and Istanbul.On the afternoon of March 29, proposal of building sister-city relations between Chongqing and Istanbul was approved by voting in the 35th Session of the 4th Standing Committee of Chongqing Municipal People’s Congress.Hereafter, these two cities are officially involved in sister-city relationship.On the morning of March 27, entrusted by Chongqing Municipal Government, Wu Kangming, Director of Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of Chongqing Municipal People’s Government, made an explanation of “Deliberation and Approval for the Proposal by Chongqing Municipal Government about Building a Sistercity Relationship between Chongqing and Istanbul” in the First Plenary Meeting of the 35th Session of the Standing Committee of Chongqing Municipal People’s Congress.At the same time, he also suggested that being pivotal cities along “the Belt and Road Initiative”, Chongqing and Istanbul have made positive progresses in the exchanges and cooperation in recent years.Turkey is of great significance in its geographic location and geopolitical strategy, serving as an important destination for our city to expand the Middle East market.Chongqing and Istanbul have a sound cooperation foundation with high-level industrial complementarity and a bright prospect for exchanges and cooperation.The official sister-city relationship between Chongqing and Istanbul will further promote their friendly exchanges and mutually benefit cooperation in the fields of economy, finance, aviation, logistics, culture, education and tourism, bolstering Chongqing’s inland open and highland construction.

(Author affiliation: Asian Department of Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Of fi ce of Chongqing Municipal People’s Government)

“A City with seven Hills”-Istanbul, Turkey

□ Article/Xu Sheng