张乐, 徐平平, 李素艳, 孙向阳, 张涛, 刘子豪, 姚丽媛
(北京林业大学林学院,100083,北京)
有机-无机复合改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效应研究
张乐, 徐平平, 李素艳†, 孙向阳, 张涛, 刘子豪, 姚丽媛
(北京林业大学林学院,100083,北京)
滨海盐碱土; 有机改良剂; 园林废弃物堆肥; 高温惰化; 磷石膏
土壤盐碱化是世界上许多国家面对的重要难题,其危害主要体现在影响植被生长,恶化生态环境。若能充分改良利用盐碱地资源,营造大面积的林分,对于提高森林覆盖率,减少水土流失及改善脆弱的生态环境即会产生巨大作用[1-2]。
目前,在滨海盐碱化土壤改良治理技术方面,开展了大量的研究工作[3-5]。其中,化学改良措施可以在一定程度上,增加土壤的孔隙度,减轻Na+毒害,增加土壤养分;但由于化学改良材料种类众多,许多化学改良剂存在对土壤造成污染的危险,寻找合适的改良材料,是目前的重要研究方向[6]。城市园林绿化的养护过程中,会产生大量的园林绿化废弃物[7],其消纳处理是一项亟需解决的问题。研究[8]发现,园林废弃物经过腐熟发酵后,可促进土壤团聚体的生成,改善土壤通透性[9];园林废弃物的惰化产品对土壤结构有很好的改良效果,它的吸附性对土壤环境也有多方面的积极影响[10]。磷石膏是磷酸工业废渣,大量堆积会对自然环境造成极大的污染,作为常用的盐碱土壤改良剂,能够有效降低土壤盐分及pH值[11-13]。
磷石膏与农业废弃物等结合施用,改良盐碱土已经有了一定的研究基础[14-15],但关于磷石膏结合园林废弃物的相关研究鲜有报道。笔者根据滨海盐碱地特点,研发了一种新型有机改良剂,由园林废弃物的堆肥和高温惰化产品,按照一定比例配制而成,通过有机改良剂与磷石膏结合,改良滨海盐土,以期为滨海盐碱地区的城市绿化,提供理论依据。
研究区位于河北省沧州市渤海新区(E117°24′~38′,N38°20′~28′),属暖温带半湿润大陆性季风型气候,年平均降雨量627 mm,75%集中在夏季,年平均蒸发量为降雨量的3倍多。研究区的浅层地下水埋藏深度较浅,雨季时,地下水深度仅为80 cm,平均矿化度为4 g/L,属强矿化度水。由于淡水资源紧缺,农业灌溉用水多混有浅层含盐地下水,极易造成土壤的盐渍化。
前期土壤调查表明,该区域的土壤母质主要为河流三角洲冲积物,土壤质地呈现出层状分布特征,0~20 cm为粉砂壤土,20~40 cm处可见黏土层,40~100 cm深度土层仍为粉砂壤土,土壤质地不均,且保水透气性差。土壤盐分的垂直分布特征呈现出明显的表聚性[16-17],以氯化物占绝对优势,其中,Cl-和Na+质量分数约占全盐质量分数的46.68%和37.02%。
2.1 供试材料
有机改良剂(CP):由园林废弃物堆肥产品[18](GWC)和高温惰化产品[19](PG),按照质量比4∶1配制而成。产品均购自园林绿化废弃物消纳中心。
无机改良剂:磷石膏(Pg)购自山东省华蓥商贸有限公司,pH值为2.5,主要成分为CaSO4·2H2O(约占总质量的94.6%),MgO、P2O5和Fe2O3比例依次为0.087%、2.06%和0.37%。
2.2 试验设计
试验地位于沧州临港经济技术开发区学院路南侧绿化带。绿化施工时,采取客土抬高地面的工程措施,客土来自于附近的麦田。试验于工程结束半年后,在试验地内土壤盐渍化程度相同的区域进行,设置2个因素,分别为磷石膏(Pg)和有机改良剂(CP);依据前期的研究结果,每个因素设置4个水平,其中:磷石膏施用量为0、1、2 和3 kg/m2(即Pg-0、Pg-1、Pg-2、Pg-3),有机改良剂的施用量为待改良土方量体积的0、5%、10%和15%(即CP-0、CP-5、CP-10、CP-15);各因素的不同水平间两两组合,共计16个处理,每个处理为一个小区,其中,Pg-0和CP-0处理组合作为对照处理。
试验地土壤及供试有机改良剂,其基本理化性质如表1所示。各处理随机分布,每个处理为一个试验小区,长×宽规格为12 m×6 m,相邻小区间距为3 m,且每个小区包含3棵国槐(Sophorajaponica),即试验重复3次。有机改良剂与磷石膏直接施入国槐栽植坑内,并与表层土壤(0~20 cm)混合均匀。试验期间,各处理采取相同的养护措施。
表1 试验区土壤及有机改良剂理化性质
注:土壤浸提液采用水土比5∶1制取,有机改良剂浸提液采用蒸馏水∶改良材料=5∶1制取。以下类同。Note: Soil extractions were prepared by the ratio of water to soil 5∶1. CP extractions were prepared by the ratio of water to CP 5∶1. CP is an organic modifier. The same below.
2.3 样品采集与测定
土壤样品采集按季度分别于2014年7月、2014年10月、2015年3月和2015年7月进行,每个处理中,随机选取3个点采集表层土壤(0~20 cm)。
SAR简称钠吸附比,计算公式为
2.4 数据处理
数据采用Excel 2010及SPSS 18软件进行统计分析。其中,单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)比较不同处理间的差异,多重比较采用Duncan法检验。
3.1 土壤pH值变化
试验进行约1年后,各处理表层土壤(0~20 cm)的pH值见图1。可以看出,在磷石膏施用量一定的条件下(Pg处理),施入有机改良剂(CP处理),在一定程度上能够降低土壤的pH值,但是只有当有机改良剂施入量达到待改良土方量体积的15%时(CP-15处理),土壤pH值才能显著低于CP-0处理(图1-A);在有机改良剂施入量一定的条件下,随着磷石膏施入量的增加,土壤pH值基本呈现显著降低趋势(图1-B)。
CP-0、CP-5、CP-10和CP-15分别是有机改良剂的施用量为待改良土方量体积的0、5%、10%和15%;Pg-0、Pg-1、Pg-2和Pg-3分别为磷石膏施用量为0、1、2和3 kg/m2的处理。各处理不同字母表示差异显著(p<0.05),下同。CP-0, CP-5, CP-10 and CP-15 refer to the applied amount of CP by 0, 5%, 10% and 15% of being-ameliorated soil volume, respectively. Pg-0, Pg-1, Pg-2 and Pg-3 refer to the treatment with 0, 1, 2, and 3 kg/m2 of phosphogypsum (Pg), respectively. Different letters represent significantly different at P<0.05, the same below.图1 不同处理对土壤pH值的影响Fig.1 Effects of different treatments on pH values of the saline soil
施入磷石膏约1个月后,各处理的土壤pH值均显著低于Pg-0,由于土壤的缓冲性和磷石膏中的酸性物质在降水的作用下淋洗出土体,土壤pH值随着时间的变化有所回升。施入磷石膏的同时施入有机改良剂,可以使土壤pH值较快趋于稳定(相邻采样日期间差异不显著,p>0.05)。未施入有机改良剂时(图2-A),施入磷石膏的各处理在改良的9个月之后,土壤pH值才能趋于稳定;而在有机改良剂施入时(图2-B,C和D),且磷石膏施入量适中(Pg-1,Pg-2)的条件下,仅4个月,土壤pH值即可趋于稳定。
3.2 土壤SAR变化
SAR简称钠吸附比,是评价土壤盐碱化程度的一个重要指标[21],该指标的变化表现在SAR越大,对土壤的有害性也相对越大。从单因素试验来看,如图3-A(Pg-0)所示,随着有机改良剂施入量的增加,土壤SAR呈现不同程度的降低,原因在于GWC分解产生的腐殖酸类物质,可以改善土壤结构,从而促进土壤盐分的淋洗,显著降低土壤中Na+质量分数;另外,PG也会吸附土壤中的Na+,如图3-B(CP-0)所示,随着磷石膏施入量的增加,土壤SAR均显著降低,原因在于加入磷石膏后,土壤中Ca2+质量分数显著增加,且Ca2+与Na+发生离子代换作用,导致土壤胶体吸附的Na+质量分数减少。2种因素交互作用下(图3-A),在不施入或施入较少的磷石膏时(Pg-0、Pg-1),SAR随着有机改良剂施入量的增加而显著降低,而施入较多的磷石膏时(Pg-2、Pg-3),随着有机改良剂施入量的增加,SAR降低不显著;如图3-B,无论有机改良剂的水平如何,SAR随着磷石膏施入量的增加而显著降低。
图2 不同处理下土壤pH值的动态变化Fig.2 Dynamic of pH values of the saline soil under different treatments
图3 不同处理对土壤SAR的影响Fig.3 Effects of different treatments on SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) of the saline soil
图4 不同处理对土壤Cl-及质量分数的影响
3.4 土壤全盐质量分数变化
图5 不同处理对土壤全盐质量分数的影响Fig.5 Effects of different treatments on total salt content of the saline soil
3.5 改良效果与成本简析
由上可知,Pg-1、CP-5处理组合的改良效果较好。如表2所示,与未施入任何土壤改良剂的Pg-0、CP-0处理组合,以及铺设于试验初期,以抬高地表的绿化客土相比, Pg-1、CP-5处理组合表层土壤全盐质量分数仍显著高于试验初期的绿化客土,但全盐质量分数仅增加1 g/kg左右;而与未采取土壤改良措施的Pg-0、CP-0处理组合相比,土壤全盐质量分数显著降低,降幅高达3 g/kg左右。此时的改良成本约为6.70元/m2(表3)。
1) 施入有机改良剂以及磷石膏,均可有效降低土壤pH、SAR和Cl-质量分数,调整离子组成结构,降低单盐毒害作用,对植物生长有利。但是,由于磷
表2 土壤改良效果
土壤的pH变化过大,对植物产生不利影响;而在施入磷石膏的同时,施入有机改良剂,可以使土壤石膏多残留有硫酸,酸性较强,施入土壤后,pH值较快地趋于稳定。
表3 推荐措施下的土壤改良成本
注:未考虑运费及人工成本。Note: Cost for transportation and labor are not taken into account yet.
3) 磷石膏与有机改良剂单施能够显著改善土壤的盐碱状况,二者配施的效果优于改良剂单施。此外,磷石膏中可能含有极其少量的重金属成分,而园林废弃物高温惰化产物作为一种环境友好型材料,对重金属具有一定的吸附性,从而降低植物的吸收,对植物生长有利。
4) 施入1 kg/m2的磷石膏及5%的有机改良剂时(体积比,约3.35 kg/m2),能够取得较好的改良效果。采用该改良方案,能够在一定程度上抑制表层土壤返盐,适用于滨海地区受土壤盐渍化影响的老城区,以及其他不便进行大规模施工的区域,此方案可以作为一种可靠的改良措施,但其改良效果的长期性,仍然需要进一步的研究。
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Amelioration effects of organic-inorganic compound amendment on coastal saline-alkali soil
ZHANG Le, XU Pingping, LI Suyan, SUN Xiangyang, ZHANG Tao, LIU Zihao, YAO Liyuan
(School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China)
[Background] The urbanization level in coastal areas are higher than other areas in China, and the coastal soils in these areas are threatened by salinization, which could cause negative effects on ornamental plants surviving and growing, thus the ornamental value and ecological functions of the urban green land was reduced. In this way, the improvement of saline-alkali soil should result in a significant impact upon construction of urban green space in coastal areas. [Methods] The experiment was conducted in a greenbelt of Bohai district in Cangzhou City of Hebei Province, where is in high salinity. An organic modifier (Green waste compost:Pyrolysised garden wastes in 4∶1 as 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% of being-ameliorated soil volume) and phosphogypsum (0, 1, 2, and 3 kg/m2) were utilized for the soil amendments, totally 16 treatments by combining any 2 of them, and 0 of them as the control. Each treatment was laid in an experimental plot (12 m×6 m) with 3 repeats of plantingSophorajaponica. Soil samples were collected at 3 random sites of topsoil (0-20 cm) in each plot in July 2014, October 2014, March 2015 and July 2015. OHAUS Starter 3C was used for measuring pH, dual-indicator neutralization titration method for CO2-3and HCO-3, silver nitrate titration method (Moore method) for Cl-, EDTA titration method for Ca2+and Mg2+, indirect EDTA complexometric titration for SO2-4, flame photometry (FP6410, Shanghai) for K+and Na+, and total salt content was the sum of 8 ions’ concentrations. The data were analyzed by Excel 2010 and SPSS 18 software, single factor analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was to compare the differences among different treatments, and the multiple comparisons were examined by Duncan method. [Results] 1) The soil pH decreased obviously with the addition of organic modifier and phosphogypsum, and phosphogypsum played a leading role. To prevent the negative impacts to the plants from the drastic variations of pH caused by the application of phosphogypsum, organic modifier should be applied at the same time. 2) Single-factor experiment showed that soil SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) significantly decreased when this 2 soil amendments were more used. Moreover, phosphogypsum showed better effects than organic modifier. Interaction experiments showed that combined application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier achieved better effect in decreasing SAR than single application. 3) The content of Cl-significantly decreased with the application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier, but SO2-4was the opposite. 4) The experimental results demonstrate that combined application of phosphogypsum and organic modifier was suggested to get the better effect, the recommended addition of phosphogypsum and organic modifier were 1 kg/m2and 5% (volume ratio, about 3.35 kg/m2), which improved the saline soil effectively. [Conclusions] Due to the low cost, waste resource recovery and the solid environmental effects in treatment process, organic modifier is more practicable in the improvement of saline-alkali soil. Besides, this improvement method for saline soil provids a feasible plan for beneficial reuse of phosphogypsum and organic modifier.
coastal saline-alkali soil; organic modifier; green waste compost; pyrolysis; phosphogypsum
2016-09-21
2016-03-16
张乐(1993—),男,硕士研究生。主要研究方向:土壤修复。E-mail: zlomusic@163.com
†通信作者简介: 李素艳(1968—),女,博士,副教授。主要研究方向:土壤改良与修复。E-mail:lisuyan@bjfu.edu.cn
S156.4+2
B
2096-2673(2017)02-0093-08
10.16843/j.sswc.2017.02.012
项目名称: 林业公益性行业科研专项项目“林业废弃物基质化研制技术与应用”(201504205)