杨利才,张道友,朱新俭,汪裕伟,徐海红
(皖南医学院第一附属医院 弋矶山医院 肾内科,安徽 芜湖 241001)
缬沙坦及苯那普利对5/6肾切除大鼠血清瘦素水平及肾小球硬化的影响
杨利才,张道友,朱新俭,汪裕伟,徐海红
(皖南医学院第一附属医院 弋矶山医院 肾内科,安徽 芜湖 241001)
目的:观察缬沙坦及苯那普利对5/6肾切除大鼠血清瘦素(leptin)水平及其肾小球硬化的影响,探讨其作用机制。方法:选用SD雄性大鼠30只,其中24只通过5/6肾切除法制造慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)模型,术后2周随机分为模型组、缬沙坦组及苯那普利组,另6只为假手术组。术后第6周末各组大鼠进行肾功能(Scr、BUN)及血清瘦素的测定;处死大鼠,取出肾脏进行病理组织形态学观察,测定肾小球硬化指数(GSI),采用免疫组织化学方法检测肾脏转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、Ⅳ型胶原(Col Ⅳ)及纤维连接蛋白(FN)表达。结果:模型组瘦素明显升高,与GSI、TGF-β1、ColⅣ及FN呈正相关(r值分别为0.871、0.951、0.919、0.913)。与模型组相比,缬沙坦组及苯那普利组血清瘦素水平明显降低,肾功能及GSI明显改善,肾脏转化生长因子TGF-β1、Col Ⅳ及FN表达减少(P<0.01)。结论:慢性肾衰存在高瘦素血症,阻断RAS可通过降低瘦素水平改善肾小球硬化。
慢性肾功能衰竭;瘦素;血管紧张素受体阻断剂;血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂;转化生长因子β1
【DOI】10.3969/j.issn.1002-0217.2017.03.003
瘦素(leptin)是一种由脂肪组织分泌的蛋白类激素[1]。慢性肾功能衰竭(chronic renal failure,CRF)患者普遍存在高瘦素血症[2-3]。研究显示[4-6],瘦素不但介导心肌细胞的肥大,还能刺激肾小球内皮细胞的增殖及促进系膜细胞肥大,并与肝脏纤维化程度显著相关。由此提示,瘦素可能作为一种硬化因子参与器官或组织的硬化。进一步研究发现,血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)能刺激脂肪细胞的瘦素分泌,且和瘦素具有协同效应[7-8]。为阐明瘦素、AngⅡ与肾小球硬化关系及机制。本研究建立慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)大鼠模型,分析瘦素与肾小球硬化的关系,观察缬沙坦及苯那普利对慢性肾衰大鼠血清瘦素水平及肾小球硬化的改善作用,阐明其可能机制。
1.1 实验动物及材料 SD大鼠购自南京青龙山实验动物中心。6周龄,平均体质量190 g。试验药物缬沙坦及苯那普利均购自本院药房,免疫组化试剂盒、Ⅳ型胶原(collagen Ⅳ,Col Ⅳ)、纤维连接蛋白(fibronectin,FN)及转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1)单克隆抗体购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司。瘦素放射免疫试剂盒购自北京北免东雅生物技术研究所。
1.2 5/6肾切除模型的建立 参照文献方法[9],SD大鼠喂养一周后开始模型建立,通过腹腔内注射戊巴比妥钠(30 mg/kg)麻醉。行左侧背部切口进腹,将左肾牵拉至体外,分离肾上腺,切除左肾上下极,残余肾脏回纳。一周后行右肾全切。假手术组只行麻醉进腹,不切除肾组织。
1.3 分组及给药 模型建立1周后随机分成4组,即假手术组、模型组、缬沙坦组及苯那普利组。采用灌胃法给药,缬沙坦组给药剂量16 mg/(kg·d),苯那普利组给药剂量4 mg/(kg·d),假手术组及模型组只以蒸馏水灌胃。
1.4 血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)及瘦素水平检测 分别在本院检验科及核医学科完成,BUN、 Scr、 TP、 Alb由全自动生化分析仪检测,瘦素通过放免法检测。
1.5 肾脏病理及免疫组化 肾脏组织经固定、包埋后切片,行HE染色。肾组织Col Ⅳ、FN和TGF-β1的检测具体步骤参照试剂盒说明书。肾小球硬化指数(GSI)的计算参考Raij等[10]半定量方法。肾小球Col Ⅳ、FN和TGF-β1蛋白表达的测定也采用半定量法,评分如下:0分为无染色或微弱染色;1分为局部弱染,染色面积<25%;2分为局部染色趋强,染色面积25%~50%;3分为染色面积51%~75%;4分为染色面积>75%。
2.1 血清BUN、 Scr、 TP、 Alb及瘦素检测结果 如表1所示,模型组血清BUN、Scr及瘦素明显升高(P<0.01),经缬沙坦及苯那普利治疗后,两治疗组上述指标明显降低(P<0.01)。各组大鼠血清Alb无明显差异(P>0.05)。
GruopnBUN/(mmol/L)Scr/(μmol/L)TP/(g/L)Alb/(g/L)leptin/(ng/mL)Sham67.72±1.3677.00±18.9578.12±2.4628.30±1.6910.84±2.67Model816.44±2.50144.60±19.2669.00±2.7826.70±1.4014.88±1.46Valsartan813.00±1.66125.67±12.0265.64±3.0126.31±2.9512.06±1.24Benazepril813.48±3.37120.80±12.8167.44±2.8824.16±3.9712.42±1.53F15.0621.4225.3032.6895.975P0.0000.0000.0000.0670.003
2.2 模型组大鼠血清瘦素水平与BUN、 Scr、TP、 Alb、GSI、肾小球TGF-β1、ColⅣ、 FN蛋白表达之间的关系 模型组肾小球可见肥大、局灶节段硬化、甚至全球硬化等不同表现,肾小球系膜区及基底膜区可见ColⅣ、 FN及 TGF-β1蛋白强表达,免疫组化表现为局部棕褐色的物质沉积。如表2所示,模型组血清瘦素水平与GSI、 TGF-β1、ColⅣ 及FN呈显著正相关,r值分别为0.871、0.951、0.919、0.913,P值分别为0.024、0.004、0.010、0.011,但与肾功能(Scr、BUN )及营养指标(TP、Alb)无明显相关性(r值分别为0.593、0.432、-0.548、-0.783,P值分别为0.214、0.392、0.260、0.066)。
2.3 各组大鼠GSI、肾小球TGF-β1、ColⅣ、 FN蛋白表达结果 和模型组相比,缬沙坦组及苯那普利组GSI均明显降低(P<0.01),肾小球ColⅣ、FN及TGF-β1蛋白表达积分低于模型组(P<0.01),见表2。
肾小球硬化是各种肾脏疾病的终末阶段,是导致慢性肾衰竭的最根本的原因。研究肾小球硬化的发生、进展及干预机制有助于延缓及防止慢性肾衰的发生。5/6肾切除模型是慢性肾衰竭的经典动物模型,具有与临床相似的病理表现,本实验中,大鼠5/6肾切除6周后,血清 BUN、Scr升高的同时,肾脏病理表现为肾小球局灶阶段性硬化,甚至全球硬化,肾小球硬化指数升高。
瘦素是一种由脂肪组织分泌的蛋白类激素,由肥胖基因调控。慢性肾衰时存在高瘦素血症,本实验中也发现模型组大鼠血清瘦素明显升高,这和既往的临床研究相似[2,11]。引起瘦素升高的原因可能因为瘦素生成增多或排泄减少,或者两者同时存在。既往的研究显示[12],当切除动物双肾后,体内瘦素排泄急剧下降,提示肾脏是瘦素的主要排泄器官。本研究发现模型组大鼠血清瘦素水平与血清肌酐及尿素氮水平并不相关,提示慢性肾衰时血清瘦素水平升高可能是多因素的结果,具体因素有待进一步研究。
GroupGlomeruliGSITGF⁃β1ColⅣFNSham3.20±2.5901.03±0.301.13±0.32Model64.00±12.493.47±0.863.53±0.523.20±0.67Valsartan35.00±18.662.26±0.572.37±0.322.47±0.52Benazepril40.00±13.052.48±0.342.53±0.412.50±0.51F20.36739.10338.34015.300P0.0000.0000.0000.000
近年来瘦素作为一种促生长及硬化作用的因子受到众多学者的注意,越来越多的证据表明瘦素参与了众多器官或组织的增生、肥大及硬化。在对血管及心肌的研究中发现[13-14],瘦素能诱导血管平滑肌及心肌细胞的肥大。在对慢性丙型肝炎的研究中也发现[6],瘦素同样能诱导肝细胞纤维化。在对肾脏固有细胞的研究中[4,15],瘦素能诱导内皮细胞及系膜细胞的增殖,具体机制可能和TGF-β1及TGF-α、Ⅳ胶原mRNA表达升高有关。本研究发现,血清高瘦素水平与肾小球硬化显著相关。高瘦素血症可能通过刺激局部TGF-β1表达,引起细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)合成增加,促进肾小球硬化。本研究中,5/6肾切除大鼠6周后,ColⅣ、FN升高的同时,血清瘦素水平及肾脏局部TGF-β1表达也显著升高,且血清瘦素水平与TGF-β1、ColⅣ 及FN呈显著正相关,证实这种假设。
研究发现[16-17],脂肪组织局部肾素血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)激活与循环中瘦素水平密切相关,生理剂量的血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)即能显著增加3T3-L1脂肪细胞及人脂肪细胞的瘦素分泌,AngⅡ和瘦素也具有协同效应,提示RAS与瘦素关系密切。Santos 等[18]研究证实血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂依那普利能显著减少年轻大鼠血瘦素水平。新近的研究也表明[7],在大脑内也存在瘦素-RAS的相互作用,瘦素能激活脑内RAS,卡托普利能减轻瘦素对肾脏交感神经的影响,这也为控制慢性肾衰高瘦素血症提供了可能。本研究结果发现,缬沙坦及苯那普利组肾功能及肾小球硬化改善的同时,血清瘦素水平显著降低,肾脏局部TGF-β1表达及ECM合成减少,提示阻断RAS可能通过降低瘦素水平改善肾小球硬化。
本研究进一步证实了瘦素参与肾小球硬化可能机制,同时提示高瘦素血症可能为RAS激活后的一个下游事件,降低瘦素水平可以改善肾小球硬化,这也为延缓肾小球硬化的提供了一种新的治疗途径。
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Effects of valsartan and benazepril on serum leptin levels and glomerulosclerosis in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy
YANG Licai,ZHANG Daoyou,ZHU Xinjian,WANG Yuwei,XU Haihong
Department of Nephrology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College,Wuhu 241001,China
Objective:To observe the changes of serum leptin levels and the relationship with glomerulosclerosis as well as the effects of valsartan and benazepril on the serum leptin levels in model rats of 5/6 nephrectomy for identifying the mechanisms of serum leptin levels and glomerulosclerosis.Methods:A total of 30 male SD rats were selected,in which 6 were included as sham operation group,and 24 were undergone 5/6 nephrectomy to develop the chronic renal failure(CRF) model and randomized into model group,valsartan group and benazepril group 2 weeks after modeling.By the sixth week after operation,rats in each group were measured for the blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(Scr) and leptin levels.Then the rats were sacrificed to take the kidneys for histological observation on the pathological changes and determination of glomerulosclerosis index(GSI).Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of transforming growth factorβ1(TGF-β1)protein,fibronectin(FN) and collagen Ⅳ(Col Ⅳ) in the glomeruli.Results:Serum leptin level was significantly elevated and positively correlated with GSI,TGF-β1,Col Ⅳ and FN in rats in the model group.Rats treated with valsartan or benazepril had significantly decreased serum leptin levels,ameliorated renal function and GSI,yet evidently down-regulated expression of TGF-β1,FN and ColⅣ in glomeruli compared to the models(P<0.01).Conclusion:Hyperleptinemia is commonly concomitant with chronic renal failure,however,glomerulosclerosis may be improved by reduceing the leptin levels via blocking renin-angiotensin system(RAS).
chronic renal failure;leptin;angiotensin receptor blockers;angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor;transforming growth factor-β1
1002-0217(2017)03-0211-04
2016-09-10
杨利才(1973-),男,副主任医师,(电话)13135535819,(电子信箱)yjsyanglicai@sina.cn。
R 692.5
A