文/梅 颖
弱视屈光矫正后是否还需要做视觉训练?
文/梅 颖
最近在做RGP屈光不正性弱视的治疗效果方面的讲座时,有不少同学询问对弱视患者做屈光矫正后,还需要做弱视训练吗?弱视训练有多少作用?也有家长表示弱视儿童做训练难坚持,能否不做?
正好前不久看到AAO(American academy of ophthalmology,美国眼科学会)的弱视临床指南(PPP,preferred practice pattern)有相关的介绍。感兴趣的同学可以在AAO的网站上下载全文。
图1 美国眼科学会的弱视临床指南
图2 2012年的弱视临床指南PPP
先回顾一下这个PPP,PDF格式下全文共44页,内容非常多,懒人就直接看重点吧。
图3
为方便学习,我把上述重点(highlight)简单翻译、解读一下:
Treatment of refractive error alone can improvevisual acuity in children who have untreated anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia. Visual acuity of children who have bilateral refractive amblyopia also can substantially improve with refractive correction alone. (strong recommendation, good evidence)
仅仅矫正屈光不正就可以改善未经治疗屈光参差和斜视性弱视儿童的视力。双眼屈光不正性弱视儿童的视力也可以通过屈光矫正显著改善。(强推荐,高质量的证据)——解读:屈光矫正非常重要,仅仅靠屈光矫正就治了一半的弱视。
Most children who have moderate amblyopia respond to initial treatment consisting of at least 2 hours of daily patching or weekend atropine. (strong recommendation, good evidence for treatment of amblyopia)[discretionary recommendation, good evidence for dosage (amount of time) of treatment]
Patching may be effective in older children and teenagers particularly if they have not previously been treated. (good evidence)
大多数中度弱视的儿童对由每天至少2小时的遮盖或周末滴用阿托品组成的起始治疗有反应[对于弱视治疗来说是强烈的建议,高质量的证据;对于治疗的剂量(时间量)来说是自行决定的建议,高质量的证据]——解读:遮盖和健眼阿托品压抑对中度弱视儿童初期治疗很好。
遮盖可能对大龄儿童和青少年也有效,特别是如果他们之前没有接受过弱视治疗。(高质量的证据)——解读:对大龄儿童和青少年也不要放弃弱视治疗,遮盖一下试试。
Children who have amblyopia require continued monitoring, because about one-fourth of children successfully treated for amblyopia experience a recurrence within the first year after treatment has been discontinued. (strong recommendation, good evidence)
患有弱视的儿童需要继续监测,因为大约四分之一成功治疗弱视的儿童在治疗中止后的第一年内会出现复发。(强推荐,高质量的证据)——解读:弱视会复发,即使视力提高了也需要持续观察复诊。
Successful amblyopia treatment may have its greatest impact in later life, when fellow eyes can be injured or affected by diseases of the macula or optic nerve. (insufficient evidence)
当健眼可能受到黄斑或视神经的疾病的伤害或影响时,成功的弱视治疗可能对患者以后的生活产生很大的影响。(低质量的证据)——解读:如果从小不治疗弱视,以后有一天健眼(好眼睛)出问题就很麻烦了。
再看看具体的弱视治疗:
图4
Success rates of amblyopia treatment decline with increasing age. However, an attempt at treatment should be offered to children regardless of age, including those in later childhood. The prognosis for attaining normal vision in an amblyopic eye depends on many factors, including the presumed onset of amblyogenic stimulus; the cause,severity, and duration of amblyopia; the history of previous treatment; adherence to treatment recommendations; and concomitant conditions.
In managing amblyopia, the ophthalmologist strives to improve visual acuity by using one or more of the following strategies. The first is to address causes of visual deprivation. The second is to correct visually significant refractive errors. The third is to promote use of the amblyopic eye by penalizing the fellow eye. While not always achievable, the goal is equal visual acuity between the two eyes. The recommended treatment should be based on the child's age, visual acuity, and adherence with previous treatment as well as the child's physical, social, and psychological status.
上述弱视治疗策略的重点翻译、说明一下:
弱视治疗的成功率随着患者年龄增加而下降。无论患者的年龄大小,包括大龄儿童,都应当尝试治疗。弱视眼的预后取决于许多因素,包括造成弱视原因的起始时间,弱视的原因、严重程度和持续时间,以前治疗史,对治疗建议的依从性以及并发情况等。眼科医师可以通过下述的一种或多种策略来努力提高弱视眼的视力。
第一种策略是消除形觉剥夺的原因。——解读:比如做手术处理先天性白内障、处理上睑下垂等。
第二种是矫正在视觉上有意义的屈光不正。——解读:比如矫正高度远视、矫正屈光参差、矫正高度散光等。在光学矫正工具(框架眼镜、接触镜)中,RGP的光学矫正效果最好,成像质量最佳,弱视治疗效果也最好。
第三种是通过遮盖对侧眼来促使弱视眼的使用。——解读:遮盖健眼,逼迫弱视眼的视觉发育。
这三种方法是弱视治疗的基本原则。
·Optical correction52,126-128
·Patching59,60,129,130
·Pharmacological penalization52,59,60,129,131-136
·Optical penalization137
·Bangerter filters138
·Surgery to treat the cause of the amblyopia139-141
·Acupuncture142,143
·Vision therapy144,145
下列疗法已经用于治疗弱视:
·光学矫正52,126-128
·遮盖59,60,129,130
·药物性压抑疗法52,59,60,129,131-136
·光学的压抑疗法137
·Bangerter滤镜138
·手术治疗引起弱视的病因139-141
·针灸142,143
·视觉训练144,145
其中对于光学压抑、针灸以及视觉训练, PPP认为:或因缺乏随机临床试验证据支持,或因机制不清,或因存在争论,这些疗法“需要进一步研究”。
图5 光学压抑疗法(眼镜片)
改变由侧眼的光学矫正引起的视物模糊已被用于治疗弱视眼,然而,这种技术的有效性有相当大变异,还没有经过随机的临床试验验证(图5)。
图6
针灸对斜视性弱视的作用尚未进行研究,针灸治疗弱视的作用机制尚不清楚(图6)。
图7
Other eye exercises or forms of vision therapy have been promoted for the treatment of amblyopia as an adjunct to patching.144 However, there are insufficient cohort studies or randomized clinical trials to make a recommendation to use these techniques.145也有一些用眼球运动和视觉训练的方式来作为遮盖的辅助疗法治疗弱视。然而,还没有足够的队列研究或随机临床试验证明推荐这些治疗方案是可行的(图7)。
回到开篇提出的问题:弱视屈光矫正后是否还需要做视觉训练?
从弱视PPP中可见,目前最新的弱视临床指南认为,弱视训练是“未完全确认,需要进一步研究的”,有学者提出“生活就是最好的训练”。笔者联想到:原来最早的弱视训练是“描红、穿珠子、穿针……”,后来有弱视训练软件——在电脑上给弱视患儿玩游戏……到了今天,手机、iPad都成为“弱视训练工具”了,玩游戏可是不枯燥,动力十足呢,这种训练方式是否更容易坚持呢?看来“生活就是最好的训练”有些道理。❏