解玉梅,刘芳慧,丁新华,李翠梅,付开赟,何江,吐尔逊·阿合买提,阿卜杜热伊木·阿卜杜热西提,李鹏发,许建军,郭文超
(1.新疆疏勒县农业技术推广中心,新疆疏勒 844200;2.塔里木大学,新疆阿拉尔 843300;2.新疆农业科学院植物保护研究所/农业部西北荒漠绿洲作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091;4.新疆农业科学院微生物应用研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091)
秸秆储放方式对越冬代玉米螟幼虫化蛹及羽化的影响
解玉梅1,刘芳慧2,丁新华3,李翠梅1,付开赟3,何江3,吐尔逊·阿合买提3,阿卜杜热伊木·阿卜杜热西提1,李鹏发1,许建军3,郭文超4
(1.新疆疏勒县农业技术推广中心,新疆疏勒 844200;2.塔里木大学,新疆阿拉尔 843300;2.新疆农业科学院植物保护研究所/农业部西北荒漠绿洲作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091;4.新疆农业科学院微生物应用研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091)
【目的】研究玉米秸秆不同储放方式对越冬代玉米螟幼虫化蛹及羽化的影响,探索一种控制新疆玉米螟越冬基数的合理储放方式。【方法】2014、2015年对竖放、堆放和封闭储放下的秸秆百株幼虫数、化蛹率、羽化率及死亡率等指标进行比较分析,提出一种压低玉米螟越冬基数的合理储放方式。【结果】与竖放、堆放处理相比,经封闭处理越冬后的秸秆,其平均百秆活幼虫数、百秆活蛹数、化蛹率及羽化率分别降低59.58%、43.52%,90.21%、92.33%,19.87%、17.99%,13.77%和11.79%,其平均死亡率分别增加39.78%、35.44%。【结论】玉米秸秆以竖放方式进行越冬的平均百秆活幼虫数、活蛹数、化蛹率及羽化率均显著大于堆放、封闭处理(P<0.05);封闭处理则可在一定程度上提高越冬玉米螟的总死亡率,降低其化蛹羽化率。在生产实际中,秸秆不以竖放方式进行越冬,而优先对其进行封闭处理,以降低其越冬幼虫成活和羽化基数。
玉米秸秆;储放;越冬代玉米螟;化蛹;羽化
【研究意义】玉米螟(Pyraustanubilalis(Hubern))属鳞翅目螟蛾科,俗称“钻心虫”,在国外,主要分布于大洋洲、亚洲等地区;在国内,则主要分布在除西藏、青海等高原外的其他玉米产区[1],它是造成我国玉米减产的第一大害虫[2-3],一般可造成10%~30%的减产,严重时高达50%以上[4]。由于该虫主要在玉米秸秆内进行越冬[5],故对秸秆进行及时处理即可大幅度降低其越冬虫源,起到“控本清源”的效果。目前常用的秸秆处理方法主要有青贮、粉碎、还田、氨化、火烧、沤肥等,但由于这些技术措施在具体实施过程中普遍存在劳动量大、费用高等问题,难以在新疆大面积推广应用并使秸秆在越冬玉米螟羽化前得到及时集中处理。积极探索出一种符合新疆农牧生产实际的合理秸秆储放方式,对于压低和控制新疆玉米螟越冬基数具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】国内外学者先后围绕着玉米螟生物学特性、生态学习性和防控技术等方面开展了大量研究工作。如:余国志等[6]探明了不同非生物因素对玉米螟羽化节律的影响;贾乃新等[7]摸清了秸秆内幼虫化蛹前的移动情况及化蛹部位;李静雯等[8]明确了玉米螟越冬特性及越冬代成虫发生期预测方法;鲁新[9]、李敦松[10]、王振营[11]、周淑香等[12]探明了玉米螟的发生、扩散规律及危害阈值;此外,宋鹏飞[13]、郭文超[14]、许建军[15]、Wang Huan[16]和努尔比亚·托木尔[17]、丁新华[18]、刘芳慧等[19]、Zhao Xiu Mei[20]、Zhang Hao[21]等提出了利用秸秆还田、赤眼蜂、球孢白僵菌、昆虫病原线虫共生菌、植物诱集、环境友好型化学药剂、RNA干扰技术等防治玉米螟的方法,上述研究成果虽对玉米螟监测、防控起到了一定积极作用,但仍未有效的遏制玉米螟的发生危害。【本研究切入点】玉米螟发生程度与越冬虫源基数具有重要相关性[22],对玉米螟进行高效防控最直接有效的方法莫过于降低秸秆中玉米螟越冬幼虫的存活基数及其化蛹羽化率。但目前还鲜见有关不同秸秆储放方式对越冬代玉米螟化蛹及羽化的影响研究。研究秸秆储放方式对越冬代玉米螟幼虫化蛹及羽化的影响。【拟解决的关键问题】通过开展玉米秸秆不同储放方式对越冬代玉米螟幼虫化蛹及羽化的影响研究,探索一种压低和控制新疆玉米螟越冬基数的合理储放方法。
1.1 材 料
试验地位于新疆喀什地区疏勒县,于2014、2015年连续两年秋后收集玉米螟越冬基数基本一致的玉米秸秆,分别采取竖放、堆放及封闭处理等3种不同秸秆储放方式进行越冬,以供后期定期剖秆调查。
1.2 方 法
试验各处理于2014、2015年连续两年均从冬后基数调查开始,直至全部羽化为止。具体方法:每5 d剖秆一次,每次各处理重复均剖查100株,分别调查统计其活虫数、死虫数、化蛹数,计算出化蛹率、羽化率和死亡率。
1.3 数据处理
试验数据采用SPSS17.0统计分析软件和Microsoft Excel 2007软件进行处理。采用One-way ANOVA进行方差分析,差异显著性分析方法为Duncan 氏新复极差法(P<0.05)。
2.1 不同秸秆储放方式越冬玉米螟幼虫存活数量动态分布
研究表明,不同秸秆储放方式下的平均百秆活幼虫数均呈现出显著的递减趋势;越冬幼虫存活基数方面,竖放>堆放>封闭处理(P<0.05);幼虫死亡进度方面,封闭>堆放>竖放处理(P<0.05)。可见,秸秆以封闭处理最不利于越冬代玉米螟幼虫的存活,其死亡进度明显加快,而竖放则相对有利于其存活。 图1,图2
图1 不同秸秆储放方式下百秆活幼虫数量变化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.1 The variation of live larvae number in 100 Plants under different store ways in Kashgar,Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015
图2 不同秸秆储放方式下百秆死幼虫数量变化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.2 The variation of dead larvae number in 100 Plants under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015
2.2 不同秸秆储放方式下越冬玉米螟幼虫化蛹及羽化进度
研究表明,在越冬后平均百秆活蛹数及化蛹率方面,封闭<堆放<竖放处理(P<0.05),且封闭处理的幼虫化蛹进度显著快于其他两个处理(P<0.05);平均羽化率方面,竖放和堆放差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著大于封闭处理(P<0.05);死亡率方面,封闭>堆放>竖放处理(P<0.05)。可见,秸秆以封闭处理进行越冬可显著降低越冬玉米螟幼虫的化蛹率和羽化率,提高其死亡率,而竖放、堆放则相对有利于玉米螟幼虫的化蛹及羽化。图3~6
图3 不同秸秆储放方式下百秆活蛹数量变化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.3 The variation of live pupa number in 100 Plants under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015
图4 不同秸秆储放方式下化蛹率变化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.4 The variation of pupation rate under different store ways in Kashgar,
Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015
图5 不同秸秆储放方式下羽化率变化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.5 The variation of emergence rate under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015
图6 不同秸秆储放方式下死亡率变化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.6 The variation of mortality under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015
2.3 不同秸秆储放方式越冬玉米螟幼虫羽化总体
研究表明,与竖放、堆放处理相比,经封闭处理越冬后的秸秆,其平均百秆活幼虫数、百秆活蛹数、化蛹率及羽化率分别降低59.58%、43.52%,90.21%、92.33%,19.87%、17.99%,13.77%和11.79%,其平均死亡率分别增加39.78%、35.44%。玉米秸秆以封闭处理进行越冬相对最不利其幼虫成活、化蛹和羽化,在一定程度上压低越冬玉米螟成活及羽化成蛾基数,竖放则最有利于越冬代玉米螟幼虫的成活和羽化。 表1,表2
表1 不同秸秆储放方式下越冬代玉米螟幼虫羽化总体情况(2014年,新疆喀什)
Table 1 The total analysis on the overwintering larva pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014
处理编号TreatmentNo.越冬方式Storeways平均百秆活幼虫数Averagenumberoflivelarvaein100Plants(head)平均百秆死幼虫数Averagenumberofdeadlarvaein100Plants(head)平均百秆活蛹数Averagenumberoflivepupain100Plants(head)平均百秆蛹壳数Averagenumberofdeadpupain100Plants(head)平均化蛹率Averagepupationrate(%)平均羽化率Averageemergencerate(%)平均死亡率Averagemortality(%)1竖放386.34a78.05b36.34a29.51a21.51a20.01a26.27b2堆放276.83b53.90c15.37b17.07b19.88a17.88b24.05b3封闭213.60c125.20a6.00c1.60c3.09c5.89c51.06a
注:同列数据后不同字母表示经 0.05 水平差异显著(邓肯氏新复极差法),下同
Notes: Different letters behind data in the column presented significant difference at 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple-range test), the same as below
表2 不同秸秆储放方式下越冬代玉米螟幼虫羽化总体情况(2015年,新疆喀什)
Table 2 The total analysis on the overwintering larva pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2015
处理编号TreatmentNo.越冬方式Storeways平均百秆活幼虫数Averagenumberoflivelarvaein100Plants(head)平均百秆死幼虫数Averagenumberofdeadlarvaein100Plants(head)平均百秆活蛹数Averagenumberoflivepupain100Plants(head)平均百秆蛹壳数Averagenumberofdeadpupain100Plants(head)平均化蛹率Averagepupationrate(%)平均羽化率Averageemergencerate(%)平均死亡率Averagemortality(%)1竖放119.71a10.86c9.43a13.14a22.88a14.47a12.01c2堆放85.43b16.29b4.86b11.43b20.76b12.64b22.92b3封闭30.59c36.76a0.29c0.59c1.57c1.06c66.78a
通过研究发现,当玉米秸秆进行封闭处理越冬时,其秸秆内的越冬代玉米螟幼虫在春季复苏后解除滞育缓慢,化蛹率降低,死亡率增大,这与鲁新[23]、文丽萍[24]、靳军灵[25]等的研究结果一致。上述研究发现,水分、湿度和温度是限制玉米螟越冬幼虫化蛹羽化的重要环境因子,玉米螟越冬幼虫在春季复苏后只有通过直接补充越冬前失去的水分,才能恢复到正常的代谢水平并进入化蛹阶段。研究采取的封闭处理可能导致外界环境中的雨露水难以渗入到秸秆内部,最终导致其越冬幼虫存活率及化蛹羽化率均显著低于竖放和堆放处理。此外,秸秆封闭处理下,虽内部环境湿度可能高于外界自然条件,但鲁新等[26]通过研究发现,复苏但未经直接补水的玉米螟在80%~100%的高湿条件下虽能化蛹,但化蛹率很低。越冬代玉米螟的化蛹羽化不仅与环境湿度有关,还与是否得到直接补水有关。
对于防治越冬玉米螟,贾乃新[7]提出根据越冬玉米螟活动规律应用化学药剂和生物农药进行“封垛”,这对降低玉米螟越冬虫源基数起到一定作用,但新疆各玉米主要产区多在玉米收获后采用玉米秸秆饲养牲畜,“封垛”处理不利于牲畜的饲养安全。在试验中,由于玉米秸秆储放环境改变,加快了玉米秸秆的腐烂速度,收获后的玉米秸秆经充分晾晒后于入冬前再进行封闭处理。
4.1 与竖放、堆放处理相比,经封闭处理越冬后的秸秆,其平均百秆活幼虫数、百秆活蛹数、化蛹率及羽化率分别降低59.58%、43.52%,90.21%、92.33%,19.87%、17.99%,13.77%和11.79%,其平均死亡率分别增加39.78%、35.44%。
4.2 玉米秸秆以竖放方式进行越冬后的平均百秆活幼虫数、活蛹数、化蛹率及羽化率均显著大于堆放、封闭处理的(P<0.05);封闭处理则相对最不利于越冬玉米螟幼虫的成活、化蛹及羽化,并在一定程度上提高越冬玉米螟的总死亡率。
4.3 在生产实际中,秸秆不以竖放方式进行越冬,而优先对其进行封闭处理,以降低其越冬幼虫成活和羽化基数。
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Supported by:Supported by The National key R & D projects of China: "Research and demonstration on the integration of chemical fertilizer and pesticide reduction technology in corns in North China", and Supported by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region's Science and Technology Support Program "The corn borer green control key technology research and demonstration in main producing areas of corn in Xinjiang" (201531103) and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Three Academy Fund Project": "Comprehensive control techniques research and demonstration for Pyrausta nubilalis in Kashgar"(2015SY008)
GUO Wen-chao(1966-), male, born in Hebei, researcher, doctoral tutor, research direction:comprehensive control of agricultural pest
Straw Storage Effects on the Pupation and Eclosion of Overwintering Larvae of Corn Borer
XIE Yu-mei1, LIU Fang-hui2, DING Xin-hua3, LI Cui-mei1, FU Kai-yun3, HE Jiang3, Tursun Ahmat3, Abdureyim Abdurexit1, LI Peng-fa1, XU Jian-jun3, GUO Wen-chao4
(1.XinjiangShuleAgriculturalTechnologyExtensionCenter,ShuleXinjiang844200,China; 2.TarimUniversity,AlarXinjiang843300,China; 3.KeyLaboratoryofIntergradedManagementofHarmfulCropVerminofChinaNorth-westernOasis,MinistryofAgriculture,P.R.China/ResearchInstituteofPlantProtection,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China; 4.ResearchInstituteofAppliedMicrobiology,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China)
【Objective】 Through the research on the effects of different storage methods on the pupation and eclosion development of overwintering larvae, the project aims to explore providing a kind of reasonable method for storing maize straws in Xinjiang, which might reduce the amount of overwintering larvae. 【Method】 Through comparison and analysis of the amount of overwintering larvae in 100 plants, pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality by different stroage methods (standing, stacking, sealing), in order to put forward a kind of reasonable storage method of maize straw. 【Result】Synthetically considering the data of 2014, 2015 for two consecutive years showed that: The average number of live overwintering larvae in 100 plants, live pupa number in 100 plants, pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under sealing were reduced by 59.58% and 43.52%, 90.21% and 92.33%, 19.87% and 17.99%, 13.77% and 11.79%, which compared with standing and stacking respectively, and its average mortality rate was increased by 39.78% and 39.78% respectively. 【Conclusion】The average number of live overwintering larvae in 100 plants, live pupa number in 100 plants, pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under sealing were all significantly greater than those of standing and stacking (P<0.05); The sealing treatment can increase partly the total mortality of overwintering corn borer, and reduce its pupation rate. So in actual production, the maize straw is not recommended to wintering in the form of standing treatment and preferred to sealing treatment, which can reduce its overwintering larvae survival and emergence rate.
corn straw; storage method; overwinter corn borer; pupate; eclosion
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.03.015
2017-01-03
国家重点研发计划项目“北方玉米化肥农药减施技术集成研究与示范”;新疆维吾尔自治区科技支撑项目“新疆玉米主产区玉米螟绿色防控关键技术研究与示范”(201531103);新疆维吾尔自治区三院基金项目“喀什地区玉米螟综合防控技术研究与示范”(2015SY008)
解玉梅(1986-),女,农艺师,研究方向为农业害虫综合防治,(E-mail)xieyumei520@163.com
郭文超(1966-),男,河北人,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为农业害虫综合防治,(E-mail)gwc1966@163.com
S435.112.6
A
1001-4330(2017)03-0505-08