翟玉香,王莉莉,于新娟,宫大伟,张永菊,董全江
青岛大学医学院附属青岛市市立医院中心实验室,山东 青岛 266071
PRKAA1和PSCA基因多态性与胃癌相关性研究新进展
翟玉香,王莉莉,于新娟,宫大伟,张永菊,董全江
青岛大学医学院附属青岛市市立医院中心实验室,山东 青岛 266071
胃癌是消化系统最常见恶性肿瘤之一,死亡率高。目前全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)发现多个基因的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)与胃癌相关,其中位于PRKAA1上的rs13361707、rs10074991、rs154268、rs3805486、rs6882903和rs10036575多态性与胃癌易感性相关,该基因在机体能量代谢,细胞生长增殖、凋亡、自噬等方面具有重要作用。PSCA基因编码产物可抑制肿瘤生长,rs2294008、rs2976392等位点多态性与胃癌风险增加相关。本文就PRKAA1和PSCA基因多态性与胃癌相关性研究新进展作一概述。
全基因组关联研究;胃癌;PRKAA1;PSCA;单核苷酸多态性
胃癌是世界第5大常见癌症,也是癌症相关死亡的第3大原因[1],虽然胃癌发生的分子级联反应很大程度上依然未知[2],但已证实遗传背景[3]、行为因素(饮酒、吸烟、饮食等)[4]和感染性因素(幽门螺杆菌)[5]与胃癌发生风险相关。全球幽门螺杆菌的感染率为40%~80%,但其中仅较小一部分(约1%)的感染者发展为胃癌,提示不同遗传背景的个体在相同的环境暴露下其胃癌的易感性不同,这种易感性目前被认为是由个体的遗传因素所决定。单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)是个体间遗传差异的主要形式。因此,探索基因组中SNP与胃癌易感性的关系,阐明胃癌的遗传易感机制,对胃癌的发病机制的进一步研究及其预防和治疗方面提供了新思路。近年来,全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)作为一种可在全基因组范围筛查疾病相关序列变异的群体关联研究方法,已发现多个与胃癌易感性相关的基因,本文就PRKAA1和PSCA与胃癌易感性的相关性研究新进展作一概述。
PRKAA1基因位于常染色体5p13,该基因编码活化AMP蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase, AMPK)。AMPK是维持细胞内能量代谢的能量感受器,当AMP/ATP比值升高时AMPK被激活。激活后,AMPK增加分解代谢以增加ATP的合成及抑制消耗ATP的合成代谢过程。AMPK下游与葡萄糖和脂肪分解代谢相关的基因变异,如PFK2、CPT-1β、HSL、MEF2A等都可影响机体的能量供应。PFK2基因的rs1064891位点[6]及CPT-1β基因rs131759和rs470117位点[7]变异与肥胖表型相关。基于此,它可以作为许多治疗药物的潜在靶点,对多种疾病的治疗发挥一定作用。此外,AMPK在激活自噬和抑制能源消耗过程中也起了一定的作用,如细胞的生长和增殖。目前研究证实,AMPK通过调节细胞极性在能量代谢中发挥作用[8],新陈代谢对肿瘤的发展至关重要,并且是肿瘤相关死亡的重要原因。它还参与肿瘤细胞的转移和扩散。事实上,AMPK通过微导管作用刺激细胞运动,“沉默”AMPK导致细胞前后极性改变及定向迁移[9]。此外,LBK1可磷酸化AMPK,并对细胞极化起作用,参与肿瘤细胞定向迁移[10]。上皮细胞具有顶端和基底极性,通过紧密连接、桥粒、黏附彼此紧密相连。极性缺失导致上皮-间质转化及随后肿瘤入侵。因此,深入研究PRKAA1多态性与胃癌易感性的关系不仅可以深入理解胃癌的发病机制,同时对胃癌的诊断和治疗奠定理论基础。
对亚洲人进行GWAS显示,活化的蛋白激酶催化亚基α1的遗传多态性与胃癌的发生密切相关[11]。目前大多数研究针对rs13361707和rs10074991位点进行分析。Kim等[12]发现,rs13361707多态性与胃癌相关(TCvsTT:OR=1.29;CCvsTT:OR=2.05)。Qiu等[13]对中国东部地区1 124例胃癌病例和1 194名对照者进行研究发现,PRKAA1基因rs13361707位点C等位基因可增加胃癌风险(CTvsTT:OR=1.72,95%CI: 1.40~2.12;CCvsTT:OR=2.15,95%CI: 1.70~2.71;CTvsCC:OR=1.86,95%CI: 1.53~2.26;CCvsTT/CT:OR=1.49,95%CI: 1.24~1.79)。Eom等[14]和其他一些对东亚人群进行的研究[12]及新近欧洲人群的GWAS[15]结果与此结论相一致。这些结果提示,rs13361707可能在胃癌发展中起重要作用。虽然rs13361707不是该基因中发现的唯一SNP位点,但它对检测PRKAA1中其他位点SNP与胃癌发展的相关性具有重要作用。Hu等[16]发现,rs10074991能增加贲门和非贲门胃癌的发病风险。rs10074991位点GG基因型受试者患胃癌风险是不携带G等位基因受试者的2.15倍;rs13361707位点CC基因型受试者患胃癌风险是TT基因型受试者的2.20倍[14]。
Kim等[12]评估PRKAA1检测了5个SNP位点(rs13361707、rs154268、rs3805486、rs6882903和rs10074991),结果发现均能增加胃癌发病风险。而张永菊等[17]研究发现,PRKAA1基因rs10036575位点CT+CC基因型携带者胃癌发病风险降低。
研究表明,PRKAA1基因多个位点多态性均与胃癌易感性相关,其中rs13361707位点CC基因型、rs10074991位点GG基因型能够使胃癌发病风险增加,rs10036575位点CT+CC基因型可使胃癌患病风险降低。PRKAA1多态基因型的检测对胃癌风险预测具有辅助作用,并且这些位点可作为未来基因筛查及药物治疗的靶点,为胃癌的预防和治疗提供新方向。
PSCA基因定位于常染色体8q24,编码特异性PSCA,有研究[18]证实,PSCA在胃内可抑制细胞增殖和/或诱导细胞凋亡。这与PSCA在胃癌中表达下调相一致。PSCA在胃峡部/颈部区域表达,但在胃癌组织中不能检测到其表达[19],提示在胃癌中,PSCA的肿瘤抑制效应缺失。另外,有体内功能研究[20]报道其在肿瘤进展中的生物学作用。Saeki等[21]分析PSCA结构认为,PSCA发挥作用至少通过两种不同的机制:(1)PSCA与其他具有跨膜和细胞内结构域的蛋白形成复合体,激活下游靶点。这种学说认为PSCA含有激活素Ⅰ、Ⅱ型细胞外受体结构域,可与生长转化因子β(TGF-β)结合发挥作用;(2)PSCA是一种GPI-锚定的细胞表面蛋白,由磷脂酶C将GPI去除,将PSCA从细胞表面释放出来,通过受体介导的信号通路发挥作用。研究[22]发现,PSCA参与细胞黏附、增殖,影响患者存活率。因此,研究PSCA基因多态性在胃癌病因学中的作用非常必要。
GWAS研究证明,PSCA多态性与胃癌易感性相关。目前的研究绝大多数针对rs2294008和rs2976392进行单位点分析,对其他区域的SNP位点(rs2920295、rs138377917、rs2920297)及多位点联合作用与胃癌易感性的关系研究较少。基因中rs2294008是可影响PSCA启动子转录活性的功能性SNP。rs2294008和rs2976392与胃癌的相关性在中国人、白种人、日本及韩国人群的研究中得到验证[23-25]。随后,Qiu等[26]对中国东部地区人群研究得出相同结论,PSCA多态性与胃癌易感性相关,rs2294008位点T变异基因型与胃癌风险增加相关(CTvsCC:OR=1.59,95%CI: 1.33~1.89;CT+TTvsCC:OR=1.38,95%CI: 1.17~1.62);另一SNP位点rs2976392,变异A基因型与胃癌风险增加相关(AGvsGG:OR=1.61,95%CI: 1.35~1.91;AG+GGvsGG:OR=1.47,95%CI: 1.25~1.74)。先前Meta分析[27]也证明,rs2976392可增加胃癌风险。Chandra等[28]对亚洲人进行研究发现,rs2294008能增加胃癌及膀胱癌的风险,然而并未发现,rs2976392与癌症风险具有相关性,其他研究[29]也未发现其相关性。研究结果的差异可能是因样本量太小、研究方法不同或是不同人群的不同遗传背景造成。rs2976392 G>A位于PSCA内含子中,与rs2294008C >T存在连锁不平衡[30]。因此,在不同病例对照研究中得到阳性相关结果可能是由于rs2294008的连锁效应。
新近一项针对欧洲人的研究[31]发现,PSCA上rs2920295 (P=1.0×10-7,OR=1.21)和rs138377917(P=6.1×10-4,OR=0.65)也与胃癌易感性相关。Sakamoto等[18]研究发现,rs2920297(OR=1.18,95%CI: 1.05~1.32)与非贲门胃癌相关。
已证实PSCA基因rs22940C08、rs2976392、rs2920295、rs138377917及rs2920297位点的多态性与胃癌易感性相关,然而,位于内含子区域的SNP如何影响基因功能尚需进一步研究。
通过对胃癌的全基因组的关联分析,SNP与胃癌易感性关系的认识逐渐深入。然而,有些相关性在后来的重复研究并不能得到相同结果。可能是由于有些研究虽然将年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒等因素考虑在内,却忽视了对胃癌同样起作用的饮食、幽门螺杆菌感染等因素。寻找预示疾病的相关SNP,对于胃癌的预防和治疗是一大进步。深入探讨它们之间的相关性,早期发现与胃癌发展相关的基因和标志物对于胃癌的预防和早期干预肿瘤的发生、预防恶性肿瘤的发生具有重要意义。
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(责任编辑:马 军)
New progress of the association of gene polymorphisms of PRKAA1and PSCA with gastric cancer
ZHAI Yuxiang, WANG Lili, YU Xinjuan, GONG Dawei, ZHANG Yongju, DONG Quanjiang
Department of Central Laboratories, the Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266071, China
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers, with a high mortality rate. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in various genes which are related with gastric cancer. Among them, rs13361707, rs10074991, rs154268, rs3805486, rs6882903 and rs10036575 in PRKAA1 gene are associated with the susceptibility of gastric cancer. The encoding product of PRKAA1 plays an important role in energy metabolism, cellular growth, proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy. PSCA can inhibit proliferation of gastric cancer cells. The variation of rs2294008 and rs2976392 in PSCA can increase the gastric cancer risk. In this paper, we reviewed the recent progress of the association of gene polymorphisms of PRKAA1 and PSCA with gastric cancer.
Genome-wide association study; Gastric cancer; PRKAA1; PSCA; Single nucleotide polymorphism
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.09.003
R735.2
:A
:1006-5709(2017)09-0970-03
:2017-02-10
翟玉香,在读硕士研究生。E-mail: 1309152779@qq.com
董全江,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:胃癌发病机制研究。E-mail: jiangacer@126.com