王 超, 徐 锋, 刘晓琳, 戴朝六
(中国医科大学附属盛京医院 肝胆脾外科, 沈阳 110004)
隐匿性胆总管结石诊断与治疗的新进展
王 超, 徐 锋, 刘晓琳, 戴朝六
(中国医科大学附属盛京医院 肝胆脾外科, 沈阳 110004)
隐匿性胆总管结石临床上无症状,如不及时诊断和处理,可诱发胆囊切除术后不明原因腹痛,或是胆源性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎等严重并发症而危及生命。选择合适的诊断及治疗方式可降低术后并发症、节约医疗资源并可能减少医患纠纷。简述了隐匿性胆总管结石的诊断与治疗新进展,包括影像学检查(腹部超声、CT、磁共振胰胆管造影、超声内镜、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影、术中胆道造影、术中腹腔镜超声、胆管腔内超声及术中胆道镜)的基本特点和诊断效能,不同治疗方式(十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术、腹腔镜胆总管探查术、开腹胆总管探查、内镜下球囊扩张术、液电碎石法、体外冲击波碎石法、结石溶解法及激光碎石法)的治疗效果。指出隐匿性胆总管结石的诊疗应根据风险分层区别对待。中层以上风险者应尽可能完善超声内镜或磁共振胰胆管造影检查,其结果对术式的选择至关重要。治疗方式上应根据实际条件酌情选择腹腔镜胆总管探查术或经内镜逆行胰胆管造影/十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术。
胆总管结石; 诊断; 治疗; 综述
胆总管结石是常见的胆道疾病,约占胆石症的10%~15%[1]。其中约1/3胆总管结石临床上无症状,称之为隐匿性胆总管结石。隐匿性胆总管结石如不及时诊断和处理,可诱发胆囊切除术后不明原因腹痛,或是胆源性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎等严重并发症而危及生命[2]。目前临床上常用的影像学检查方法包括无创检查[如CT、磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)、超声内镜(EUS)]和有创检查[如经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)、经皮经肝胆道造影、术中胆道造影(intraoperative cholangiography,IOC)],对诊断胆总管结石的敏感度和特异度均有所差异。正确选择影像学检查可以快速准确地明确诊断,进而指导外科医生合理地选择治疗手段,避免不必要的创伤。目前临床实践中尚存在因选择影像学检查不规范而未能及时发现隐匿性胆总管结石,导致术后发生并发症或医疗纠纷。本文将就隐匿性胆总管结石的诊断和治疗方案的新进展作一简要综述。
1.1 肝功能指标 怀疑隐匿性胆总管结石者应首选血清肝功能检测[3]。GGT是诊断胆总管结石最具敏感性的指标[4],但GGT水平受酒精或药物影响[5]。在诊断胆总管结石时需要排除其他情况导致的化验结果异常。ALP升高对诊断胆总管结石也具有很强的提示性[6]。当GGT、血清胆红素(结合胆红素为主)以及ALP升高时要高度怀疑存在胆总管梗阻[7]。如果出现持续的肝功能异常需要进一步的影像学检查。
1.2 腹部超声 普通的腹部超声是将高频声波转化为图像的影像学检查方法,具有便捷、经济、无创、易获得等优点。张皞等[8]报道,腹部超声诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为66.4%,特异度为75%,阳性预测值为89.2%,阴性预测值为41.7%,准确度为68.5%。Gurusamy等[7]对5项研究进行了Meta分析,发现腹部超声诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为73%,特异度为91%。当受胃肠气体、肥胖等原因干扰时腹部超声诊断胆总管结石的效果不佳,对于胆总管扩张的敏感度为87%[6]。
1.3 计算机断层扫描(CT) CT为诊断腹部疾病的最主要检查手段,平扫CT诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为50%~88%[9-10],特异度为84%~98%[11]。结石能否于CT显像取决于结石的大小及化学成分。如果结石直径小于CT螺距则难以显像[12]。而胆色素结石及钙盐沉积较多的结石CT值高,容易显像[13]。当结石直径<5 mm时CT的诊断率会明显下降甚至出现假阴性[9-10]。Tseng等[9]认为,CT三维构建并不能提高胆总管结石的诊断效能。周占文[14]则认为,CT三维构建有助于鉴别胆总管下端占位,定性诊断结石或是肿瘤,其准确率为89.74%。
1.4 磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP) MRCP是利用胆汁和胰液中含有的大量自由水,采用重T2加权技术成像,获得胆胰管图像,具有非侵入性的特点。Polistina等[15]报道,MRCP诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为77.4%,特异度为100%,准确度为80.5%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为85%。Chen等[16]对25项研究进行了Meta分析,发现MRCP诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为90%,特异度为95%。有报道[17]认为使用钆塞酸二钠可以提高其敏感度和特异度。然而Choi等[18]认为,是否使用对比剂对其敏感度和特异度没有影响。当结石直径<5 mm,时MRCP可能难以发现而出现假阴性结果,故应进一步行EUS检查以明确诊断[10]。
1.5 超声内镜(EUS) EUS是将超声传感器置于十二指肠镜前端,利用超声传感器靠近目标器官获取图像,能够最大限度避免腹壁脂肪及胃肠气体的干扰[19],其图像要比普通超声更加准确和精细。EUS目前被认为是优于MRCP的一种无创性检查手段。Giljaca等[20]对18项研究进行了Meta分析,发现EUS诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为75%~100%,特异度为85%~100%,总体敏感度为95%,特异度为97%。Lin等[21]报道,EUS诊断隐匿性胆总管结石的敏感度为100%,特异度为94.7%,阳性预测值为91.7%,阴性预测值为100%,准确度为96.7%。EUS对于诊断直径<5 mm的结石依然可以保持较高敏感度,其诊断效能不随结石直径的减小而降低[10]。Petrov等[22]研究认为,EUS检查可减少约2/3不必要的ERCP检查,从而减小ERCP并发症。
1.6 经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP) ERCP是通过十二指肠镜将造影剂注入胆总管而成像,目前被誉为诊断胆总管结石的金标准[23]。一项Meta分析[24]表明,ERCP诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为67%~94%,特异度为92%~100%,总体的敏感度为83%,特异度为99%。但是ERCP属于有创操作,可能发生急性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎、出血、穿孔等并发症,并发症发生率为4%~6%,ERCP相关病死率为0.1%~0.5%[25]。因此,ERCP现已很少用于诊断目的,多用于内镜下括约肌切开取石术中胆道造影。
1.7 术中胆道造影(IOC) IOC是指将造影剂通过胆囊管插入的导管注入胆总管中行术中透视。Gurusamy等[24]Meta分析显示,IOC诊断胆总管结石的敏感度为75%~100%,特异度为96%~100%,总体敏感度和特异度均为99%。IOC无明确并发症,总体来说是安全、可靠的。在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术中常规使用IOC可以提高患者的安全性和远期疗效[26]。由于目前MRCP、EUS和CT应用越来越普及,术前检查趋于完善,对于上述检查未怀疑胆总管结石的患者,不常规行IOC并没有发生因遗漏结石所导致的并发症,且IOC检查还会延长手术时间,所以是否应常规行IOC仍然存在争议。但是对于既往存在黄疸、胰腺炎病史,肝功能异常,术前检查提示胆总管扩张,不能除外隐匿性胆总管结石的患者,应行IOC检查[27]。在偏远地区的医疗机构,如无法行ERCP和MRCP检查,IOC可以作为替代检查。
1.8 术中腹腔镜超声(intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography,IOUS) 目前认为,IOUS在某些方面要优于IOC。Jamal等[28]Meta分析显示,IOUS诊断胆总管结石的敏感度可达90%,特异度可达99%,而且IOUS操作时间短,无电离辐射,失败率低,并可根据术者需要进行反复操作。行LC尤其是炎症反复发作的患者使用IOUS可以显著降低术中因解剖困难所致胆总管损伤和胆汁漏发生[29]。但其探查胰腺段胆总管结石的成功率不如IOC(73.8% vs 97.3%)[30]。联合使用IOUS和IOC可以弥补各自的不足,提高胆总管结石诊断的敏感度(92.9%),最大限度地排查潜在的隐匿性胆总管结石[30]。
1.9 胆管腔内超声(intraductal ultrasonography,IDUS) IDUS是指通过十二指肠镜将微型超声探头置于胆总管腔内实施扫查,以获得高质量、实时的横截面图像,可用于胆总管结石的诊断,常与十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)联合使用[31]。Kim等[32]研究显示,对ERCP阴性的可疑胆总管结石患者行IDUS检查,其诊断结石的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100%、93.0%、94.6%和100%,准确度为96.8%。与传统ERCP相比,其优势在于避免了X射线下胆管造影,避免其可能导致的胆管炎或化学性胰腺炎[31]。
1.10 术中胆道镜 术中胆道镜有诊断与治疗两种应用。应用术中胆道镜可以直视胆道内结构,对结石的大小、数量、位置进行明确诊断,也可以对胆道内占位性质加以鉴别,必要时可以留取活组织检查标本。开腹或腹腔镜胆道探查术中可同时应用胆道镜进行取石。使用术中胆道镜探查可将残余结石率从30%降至5.7%[33]。胆囊结石患者合并下列情况应注意可能存在隐匿性胆总管结石,应行术中胆道镜检查[34]:(1)既往有高热、寒战、黄疸、胰腺炎等病史;(2)肝功能肝酶轻度异常者;(3)胆囊多发细小结石,且术中发现胆囊管扩张;(4)术前B超提示胆总管直径>0.8 cm;(5)术中发现胆总管轻度扩张。但是对于合并胆管狭窄和胆管解剖变异者,术中胆道镜使用受到限制。
Maple等[3]认为,多项因素可以预测胆总管结石的存在。极强预测因素包括:(1)超声提示胆总管结石;(2)临床出现胆管炎表现;(3)胆红素>4 mg/dl。较强预测因素包括:(1)超声提示胆总管扩张(直径>6 mm合并胆囊结石);(2)胆红素1.8~4 mg/dl。中等预测因素包括:(1)除胆红素外的其他肝功能指标异常;(2)年龄>55岁;(3)临床表现为胆源性胰腺炎。如果患者存在1个极强因素或2个较强因素则认为其罹患胆总管结石的风险较高(>50%),如不存在上述任何一项预测因素,则为低风险(<10%)。其他情况则应属于中等风险(10%~50%)。
3.1 观察 隐匿性胆总管结石往往是由超声、MRCP等检查发现,患者并没有诸如腹痛、发热、黄疸或肝功能异常等表现。Williams等[35]认为,无论结石有无症状,均应尽可能将结石取出。Almadi等[25]则认为,<3 mm的隐匿性胆总管结石往往可自行排出,不会出现临床症状。因此,不需要手术干预。Collins等[36]报道,LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石一般不需要立即处理,可经胆囊管留置造影管6周后进一步行影像学评估, 约1/3的结石可自行排出。笔者认为直径<3 mm的隐匿性胆总管结石可暂不处置,定期复查即可;>3 mm者应及时取出。
3.2 手术治疗 目前临床上治疗隐匿性胆总管结石的常用方法包括:(1)腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE);(2)开腹胆总管探查术;(3)ERCP/EST;(4)内镜下球囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary ballon dilation,EPBD)。
LCBDE与传统开腹胆总管探查术相比,存在如下优势:(1)手术创伤小,出血少,术后恢复快,胃肠道并发症低[37];(2)术后疼痛轻,患者可早日下床活动,减少肺部感染机会[37-38];(3)术后切口感染发生率低[37];(4)住院时间短,住院费用低[39]。其弊端在于手术时间长,对手术技术要求高[37,39]。
选择LCBDE所致并发症的发病率及病死率均低于ERCP/EST,分别为7% vs 13.5%与0.19% vs 0.5%[40]。对于合并胆囊结石者选择先ERCP/EST再行LC的方案相对于LCBDE存在如下弊端[41]:(1)总体住院时间延长;(2)胆总管结石复发率更高;(3)并发症发生率更高;(4)成本效益低;(5)非必要的程序步骤过多;(6)结石较大时,EST失败率高,可达20%[25];(7)EST导致Oddi括约肌功能破坏,发生反流性胆管炎[42];(8)在等待行LC期间或术中,胆囊结石有再次掉入胆总管的可能。而如果先行LC再行ERCP/EST,其并发症的发生率与病死率理论上应比先行ERCP/EST再行LC者低。因为只有IOC阳性者才需要进一步ERCP/EST治疗。Chang等[43]认为,术后选择性行ERCP/EST者其平均住院日更短,费用更低,能有效地减少ERCP/EST相关并发症。但是一旦ERCP/EST失败,患者有再次行开腹胆道探查取石或LCBDE的风险。若能在LC术中行ERCP/EST可减少手术及住院时间,取得较好效果,但目前大多数医院不具备此条件[44]。张智勇等[45]认为,LCBDE治疗胆总管结石的一期治愈率高于ERCP/EST,且并发症低于ERCP/EST,既能保留十二指肠乳头括约肌的生理功能,又可同时实施LC处理胆囊病变,在大多数情况下应首先考虑LCBDE。对于胆源性胰腺炎(伴梗阻性黄疸)、胆道梗阻的患者,需要在48 h内解除胆道梗阻,ERCP/EST可快速缩短胆道梗阻的时间。对于老年、身体条件较差,不能耐受手术者,可行ERCP/EST治疗,出现远期并发症如反流性胆管炎的可能性较低。对于某些微小结石病例,可直接通过ERCP取石,而不需要行EST,可以避免乳头括约肌破坏相关的并发症。
EPBD相对于EST具有降低术后出血,保留乳头括约肌功能等优点,更适用于肝硬化、凝血机制障碍及年轻患者[46],但其术后并发胰腺炎的危险性更高[47]。目前临床上行EPBD联合乳头括约肌微切开治疗较大结石(直径>12~15 mm)的病例已经被多次报道[25,48]。
LCBDE分为腹腔镜经胆囊管胆道探查(1aparos-copictranscystic common bile duct exploration,LTCBDE)和胆总管切开探查2种途径。Feng等[49]认为,LTCBDE的优势在于:(1)避免了T管相关并发症;(2)避免胆汁漏相关并发症;(3)避免了胆汁大量流失导致的水电解质、酸碱失衡及消化功能紊乱;(4)避免术后胆道狭窄;(5)术后结石复发率更低;(6)避免术后长期带管生活不便。当结石直径<6 mm或胆总管直径<6~10 mm时,因LTCBDE成功率高,并发症少而应优先选择[50]。LTCBDE能否成功受多种因素制约,包括胆管直径,胆囊管与肝总管成角,结石的位置、大小、数量。韩威等[51]总结了LTCBDE的适应证及禁忌证如下:(1)结石位于胆囊管汇入胆总管部位以下为其适应证;(2)结石位于肝总管为禁忌证,但应视实际情况而定;(3)肝内胆管结石为其绝对禁忌证;(4)结石直径<8~10 mm,数量<3~10枚为其适应证;(5)多发,较大,铸型结石为其绝对禁忌证;(6)胆囊管扭曲、纤细、脆弱、闭塞,汇入胆管位置异常为其相对禁忌证。El-Geidie等[52]报道,当胆总管直径>10 mm,结石直径>10 mm,结石数量>4枚或经胆囊管探查失败后均可以尝试进行胆总管切开探查。Grubnik等[53]报道,LCBDE胆总管结石清除率为94.2%。一项Meta分析[42]显示,LCBDE对胆总管结石的清除率为90.2%。
对于LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石如何处理,目前学术界尚存在争议。邓小明等[2]认为,隐匿性胆总管结石患者胆总管往往无明显扩张,行胆总管切开取石一期缝合或留置T管均增加术后胆漏及胆道狭窄风险。目前术中行ERCP/EST大多数医院不具备设备条件。术后行ERCP/EST一旦失败,患者存在二次手术风险。其经验为,胆囊管内径>5 mm者,可经胆囊管胆道镜网篮取石。胆总管内径>6 mm、局部炎症不重、胆囊管开口于前壁或右侧壁者,可腹腔镜行纵向切开胆囊管及胆总管2~3 mm,胆道镜取石。取石顺利,胆总管下段无明显水肿者一期可吸收线缝合胆囊管及胆总管,否则经胆囊管留置造影管后关闭。胆囊管内径≤5 mm,胆总管内径≤6 mm,术中一期取石困难者,直接经胆囊管留置造影管,待术后二期行ERCP/EST取石。
3.3 其他治疗手段 胆总管结石的治疗方法还包括液电碎石法、体外冲击波碎石法、结石溶解法以及激光碎石法。液电碎石法是指利用直流高电压产生冲击波通过液体介质碎石,Aljebreen等[54]报道,液电碎石成功率可达100%,而且76%的患者只需1次ERCP即可完全清除结石,该方法我国临床应用较多。体外冲击波碎石法是指声波自体外经皮直接作用于胆道,Tandan等[55]报道,体外冲击波碎石法可使84.4%患者的胆总管结石完全清除,12.3%患者的胆总管结石部分清除,只有3.1%患者清除失败。其目前多用于ERCP前将较大结石碎成小块。溶解法的溶剂有多种,如醚、松节油、氯仿、肝素盐水等,这些溶剂毒性副反应较小,不会对胆道造成明显刺激。有报道[56]称将溶解法作为腹腔镜或内镜胆道手术的辅助治疗可以提高治疗效果。激光碎石法是指将激光束聚焦于胆管内的结石,利用其能量碎石。Liu等[57]报道,激光碎石成功率为90%,可以在胆道镜直视及X射线监视两种状态下进行[58]。
目前临床上对隐匿性胆总管结石的术前诊断主要依靠血液学结合腹部超声、CT、MRCP、EUS等无创检查,而MRCP与EUS均有较高的敏感度及特异度,因此,Williams等[35]认为其对诊断胆总管结石具有高效性。根据风险分层,低风险患者若存在胆囊结石可单纯行LC治疗,术后注意随访患者有无再次腹痛等症状。中级以上风险患者若无法行MRCP或EUS检查,可先行LC+IOC/IOUS,如IOC/IOUS为阳性则行LCBDE;若医疗条件许可,应进一步行MRCP及 EUS检查,如为阴性行LC,阳性则行LCBDE。隐匿性胆总管结石的治疗方案现无金标准可言,选择内镜还是外科手术治疗尚存在一定争议。虽然目前很多文献支持首选LCBDE治疗,但此术式需要术者有较丰富的LC手术经验与娴熟的腔镜下缝合技术,因此术式的选择要依据实际医疗资源情况。
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(本文编辑:王亚南)
Latest advances in diagnosis and treatment of occult common bile duct stones
WANGChao,XUFeng,LIUXiaolin,etal.
(DepartmentofHepatobiliaryandSplenicSurgery,ShengjingHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,Shenyang110004,China)
Occult common bile duct stones have no clinical symptoms and if it is not diagnosed or treated in time, it can cause unexplained abdominal pain after cholecystectomy or serious complications such as biliary pancreatitis and acute cholangitis, which may threaten patients′ lives. Proper diagnosis and treatment modalities can reduce postoperative complications, save medical resources, and reduce medical disputes. This article introduces the latest advances in the diagnosis and treatment of occult common bile duct stones, including the features and diagnostic efficacy of imaging examinations (abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), intraoperative cholangiography, intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography, intraductal ultrasonography, and intraoperative choledochoscopy), as well as the effect of treatment modalities (endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE), open common bile duct exploration, endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation, electrohydaulic lithotripsy, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, litholysis, and laser lithotripsy). It is pointed out that the diagnosis and treatment of occult common bile duct stones should be treated differently according to risk stratification. Endoscopic ultrasonography or MRCP should be performed for patients with moderate risks or above, and their results are critical to the choice of surgical procedure. For treatment modality, LCBDE or ERCP/EST should be selected according to patients′ actual conditions.
choledocholithiasis; diagnosis; therapy; review
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.07.042
2016-11-21;
2017-02-24。
王超(1989-),男,主要从事肝胆胰疾病基础与临床研究。
徐锋,电子信箱:xufengsjh@126.com。
R657.42
A
1001-5256(2017)07-1391-06