用好“提纲导学法” 提升语法复习效率
——以高考定语从句复习为例

2017-02-16 16:11新疆王向阳常玉国特级教师
教学考试(高考英语) 2017年6期
关键词:限制性先行介词

新疆 王向阳 常玉国(特级教师)

用好“提纲导学法” 提升语法复习效率
——以高考定语从句复习为例

新疆 王向阳 常玉国(特级教师)

进入高三复习阶段,常常会出现这样两种情况:一是过于宽泛,漫无目的;二是纸上谈兵,重炒冷饭。如何解决这个问题呢?从我们多年的备考经历和实际经验来看,“提纲导学法”是个很好的选择。

“提纲导学法”就是教师针对所学内容,根据相关标准,仔细研究高考考查特点,特意编制出来的一组学习提纲;学习者通过具体内容的学习,以及相关题目的练习,比较完整、清晰地解决提纲问题的一种学习方式。其优点在于,一是避免了大水漫灌式的复习方式,实现精准滴灌,既节约时间成本,又提升学习效率;二是体现学习者的个体差异,对于明确掌握的和似是而非的知识点做以不同处理,提升复习效率。

一、提纲导学法操作模式

(一)提纲编制,精确制导

提纲的编制过程应该具有“提纲挈领”之功效,整个学习效果的好坏都取决于提纲的编制质量。所以,在编制提纲前要认真研究“考纲”以及近年高考考题,指向一定要精确,努力做到“四点”:抓考点、搜热点、析难点、指盲点。

(二)例题选取,精心编导

例题的选取,可以考虑四个方面的素材:一是近年高考原题,二是课文原句摘录,三是英语原文原句,四是词典释词例句。所有这一切都应该与提纲编制相关,为后面两个环节服务。

(三)知识迁移,精妙诱导

“教材只不过是个例子。教,是为了不教。”这个环节的主要目的就是让学习者能够通过前面方法的应用,对于未曾直接提到的相关知识能够产生积极的思维过程,进而比较准确地解决出现的“新”问题。

(四)能力形成,精准指导

虽然能力的形成不是一朝一夕的工夫,但是一定时期的有效训练一定能让学习者比较快速地形成适合自己的学习方法,逐渐构建起学习模式。

二、二轮复习环节定语从句复习示例

(一)定语从句复习提纲

1. 需要明确的几个概念

定语从句、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;先行词和引导词。

2. 定语从句中常见引导词及相关问题

(1)定语从句引导词选择的依据;

(2)引导词前加介词时介词选择的依据。

3. 几个热点引导词的用法要领

(1)只能用that和不能用that的情形;

(2)whose的用法;

(3)as的用法;

(4)which的特殊用法。

4. 定语从句中的主谓一致问题

(1)引导词是who,which,that时,谓语动词用单数还是复数?

(2)先行词是one of...或the only one of时,定语从句中谓语动词的差异。

5. 两个“冷问题”

(1)表示“地点”的先行词后一定要用where吗?

(2)定语从句的引导词何时用what?(答案:只有在用错了的时候!所以,这个点常常在短文改错中考查。)

(二)研读下面例句,并用你掌握的、简洁的“语法知识”来解读相关问题

1. 在以下空格中填入一个单词,以保证句子结构完整、意义通顺。

(1)The number of people ________ were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400 000.(人教必修一Unit 4)

(2)He was generous with his time, _______ which I was grateful. (人教必修一Unit 5)

(3)It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, ______ took the country’s best artists about ten years to make.(人教必修二Unit 1)

(4)I have always longed for the time _____ I should be able to be independent. (现代英语用法词典· 张道真)

(5)Give me one good reason ______ I should help you.(现代英语用法词典· 张道真)

(6)The little problems _______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. (2017 · 北京卷改编)

(7)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,_______ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC,influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016 · 全国卷Ⅲ,语法填空)

(8)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.(2016 · 北京卷改编)

(9)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.(2016 · 浙江卷改编)

(10)The number of smokers, _____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(2015 · 江苏卷改编)

【参考答案和解析】

(1)who/that。先行词为 people,定语从句中缺主语。

(2)for。定语从句中介词和关系代词的搭配中,介词的选择是难点。此题由be grateful to sb. for sth. 可得出答案。

(3)which。先行词为物,非限制性定语从句要用which来引导。

(4)when。先行词为time,定语从句中缺时间状语。

(5)why。先行词为reason,定语从句中缺原因状语(why=for which)。

(6)that/which。先行词为problems,定语从句中缺宾语。

(7)who。先行词Confucius 指人, 非限制性定语从句中缺主语。

(8)whose。先行词为a couple,定语从句中缺定语。

(9)which。在定语从句中,如果先行词是人,介词后面跟whom,如果先行词是物,介词后面跟which。

(10)as。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活,可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末。

2. 改正以下句子中的错误,以使句子结构完整、意义通顺。

(1)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017 · 全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错)

(2)Around me in the/this picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. (2017 · 全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)

(3)The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.(2016 · 四川卷,短文改错)

(4)I will never forget the day on that we went to buy guitars in a guitar store. (2017 · 嘉兴测试)

(5)Everyone has periods in their lives that everything seems very hard. (2017 · 石家庄模拟)

(6)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of who are family members. (2017 · 山东省实验中学模拟)

(7)The book, of whose the cover is broken is of great help to all of us.(2016 · 九江高三一模)

【参考答案和解析】

(1)that改为which。先行词是物,非限制性定语从句需要用which引导,故将that改为which。

(2)they改为that/which。因为they不能引导定语从句,先行词是things,所以把they改为that或者which。

(3)what改为that/which或去掉what。先行词为The dishes,定语从句中缺宾语,所以用关系代词that/which引导,关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时也可以省略。

(4)that改为which。定语从句中介词的宾语指物用which, on which=when。

(5)that改为when。先行词是periods,定语从句中缺时间状语。

(6)who改为whom。先行词是人,介词后面要跟whom。

(7)whose改为which。定语从句中,whose +n.= of which the +n.或者 the +n. +of which。

(三)完成下面高考试题或经典模拟试题,并简要解析

(1)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the heal.(2017 · 全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空)

(2)My eldest son, ______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.(2017 · 天津卷改编)

(3)Many young people, most of ________ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016 · 江苏卷改编)

(4)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ______ the weather may be better.(2016 · 天津卷改编)

(5)He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of____were published in the 1990s.(2015 · 重庆卷改编)

(6)Tibet is such a place ________ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.

(7)On an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm________we learnt to plant potatoes.

(8)After the death of her mother, the girl was sold to a rich man just in the neighboring area, from _____ house she tried to escape twice.

(9)The lady standing over there may be from the USA,_____ I guess has lost her way.

(10)The lazy boy is expecting a way in _____ he can get through the exams without hard work.

【参考答案和解析】

(1)which。分析句子结构可知,逗号后面是非限制性定语从句,先行词是前面的整句话,定语从句中缺主语。

(2)whose。分析句子结构可知,非限制性定语从句中缺定语。

(3)whom。在定语从句中,如果先行词是人,介词后面跟whom,如果先行词是物,介词后面跟which。

(4)when。分析句子结构可知,定语从句中缺时间状语。

(5)which。在定语从句中,如果先行词是人,介词后面跟whom,如果先行词是物,介词后面跟which。

(6)as。定语从句的先行词是a place,其前有such修饰,应用关系代词as引导。

(7)where。定语从句的先行词是a farm,定语从句中缺地点状语。

(8)whose。分析句子结构可知,定语从句中缺定语。

(9)who。题中I guess是插入语,定语从句的先行词是 The lady,定语从句中缺主语。

(10)which。定语从句的先行词为a way,但前面有介词in,只能用关系代词which。如果没有in,就要填that。

(四)用所学定语从句知识完成下面句子

(1)在你来中国之前,我认为你最好先简要地研究一下唐朝的历史,这将有助于你更好地理解和欣赏唐诗。(2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ,书面表达范文)

Before you come to China, I think you’d better have a brief study about the history of the Tang Dynasty, ________will help you better understand the poems and enjoy them.

(2)收集材料花了我们整整一周的时间,在此期间,我们采访了我们的老师,拍摄了学校生活的各个方面。(2017 · 北京卷,书面表达范文)

Material collecting took us a whole week, during _______we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.

(3)我们学校摄影俱乐部将举办一个国际中学生摄影展。这个节目的主题是环保。它将从6月15日开始,持续三周。欢迎有兴趣的同学参加。(2016 · 全国卷Ⅱ,书面表达范文)

Our school photography club is going to hold an International High School Student Photography Show. The theme of the show is environmental protection. It will start from June 15th and last three weeks. Any student _______ is interested is welcome to participate.

(4)对我们学生来说,每年暑假到来的时候,我们可以做我们在校期间不能做的事情,……(2016 · 四川卷,书面表达范文)

When summer vacation for us students comes every year,we can do all ______we can’t do during our school time, ...

(5)我们还将一起度过一段开心的时间:唱歌、跳舞和玩游戏,我们希望这能让他们开心。(2015 · 全国卷Ⅱ,书面表达范文)

We’ll also spend some fun time together singing, dancing and playing games, ______ we hope will make them happy.

【参考答案和解析】

(1)which。先行词是前面的整句话,非限制性定语从句中缺主语。

(2)which。先行词是前面的整句话,非限制性定语从句中介词后缺宾语。

(3)who/that。先行词是人,定语从句中缺主语。

(4)that。先行词被all,the only,形容词最高级等修饰时,定语从句用that。

(5)which。题中we hope是插入语,先行词是前面的整句话,定语从句中缺主语。

三、小结

我们深知学习效率在时间紧、任务重的二轮复习中有多重要,“提纲导学法”未必是最理想的语法复习方法,但是,只要我们能认真理解“提纲导学法”的精髓,在编制出行之有效的复习提纲的前提下,再配以多角度、全方位的、有针对性的例题和训练题,我们一定能在二轮语法复习中提升复习效率,达到事半功倍的效果。

新疆哈密市第二中学)

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