邹存义,吴安华
(中国医科大学附属第一医院神经外科,辽宁沈阳110001)
IL⁃13Rα2及IL⁃13在胶质瘤发生发展及治疗中的研究进展
邹存义,吴安华
(中国医科大学附属第一医院神经外科,辽宁沈阳110001)
IL⁃13为活化Th2细胞分泌的多功能细胞因子,在炎症性疾病中具有重要作用.其高亲和力受体IL⁃13Rα2,作为诱导受体在恶性胶质瘤中高表达,与肿瘤不良预后相关.胶质瘤细胞中,IL⁃13Rα2与IL⁃13结合通过其胞内尾端与IL⁃4Rα相互作用,抑制IL⁃4R介导的STAT6信号通路,进而促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移与增殖,抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡.由于IL⁃13Rα2在胶质瘤中特异性高表达,使其成为胶质瘤靶向治疗和免疫治疗的理想位点,且已取得了突破性进展.IL⁃13Rα2与IL⁃13在胶质瘤中作用及机制的进一步明确,有利于为胶质瘤治疗提供充分的依据.
IL⁃13Rα2;IL⁃13;胶质瘤;治疗
胶质瘤是中枢神经系统常见的恶性肿瘤,且以高度恶性、快速进展、弥漫性浸润为主要特点,尽管治疗手段不断进步,但以手术为主的综合治疗后中位生存期仅14.6个月[1].肿瘤分子生物学的发展揭示了多种生物分子,包括细胞因子及其受体,其通过多种途径促进肿瘤的发生发展,同时也为肿瘤的靶向治疗和免疫治疗提供了充分的理论依据.2型辅助T淋巴细胞(helper T lymphocyte 2,Th2)源性细胞因子IL⁃13在炎性疾病、调节免疫反应及免疫微环境方面具有重要作用.其高亲和力诱导受体IL⁃13Rα2在胶质瘤中高表达且与不良预后相关.虽然尚未发现IL⁃13Rα2下游明确的信号通路,但研究表明,IL⁃13Rα2与IL⁃13结合后可促进胶质瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭,抑制胶质瘤细胞凋亡.同时,以 IL⁃13Rα2为目标靶点的胶质瘤靶向治疗与免疫治疗得到不断发展.本文将对IL⁃13Rα2及IL⁃13在肿瘤发生发展及治疗中的研究现状作一综述.
IL⁃13与IL⁃4主要由活化的 Th2细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞及自然杀伤细胞产生[2],在Th2细胞介导的炎症反应中具有重要作用.IL⁃13基因位于染色体5q31,具有独立的开放阅读框,包括4个外显子和3个内含子,位于IL⁃4基因上游12kb处.IL⁃13由132个氨基酸构成,包括从成熟分泌蛋白切割的20个氨基酸构成的信号序列.IL⁃13与IL⁃4在氨基酸水平上具有25%的同源序列,都具有由25个氨基酸组成的疏水性结构,且高度保守[3],所以在功能上二者具有一定的相似性.
IL⁃13为多效性细胞因子,可调节免疫反应及免疫微环境,抑制炎性因子的产生[5].对于非造血细胞,IL⁃13可以促进平滑肌细胞增殖,诱导成纤维细胞合成Ⅰ型胶原纤维,刺激内皮细胞表达内皮细胞黏附分子1[6],同时可诱导上皮细胞相关细胞因子的表达.IL⁃13在遗传性过敏症、哮喘[7]、纤维化[8-10]及肿瘤[11-12]的发生发展中具有重要作用.
IL⁃13受体首先在人肾细胞癌中被发现高表达,之后关于其结构的研究在恶性胶质瘤[13]、卡波氏肉瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌中展开[14].IL⁃4和IL⁃13受体包括Ⅰ型IL⁃4R(由IL⁃4Rα、普通 γc链组成)和Ⅱ型IL⁃4R(由IL⁃4Rα、IL⁃13Rα1组成).IL⁃4与IL⁃4Rα亚基相互作用,亲和力较高(KD=20~300 pM),IL⁃13与IL⁃13Rα1亚基相互作用,亲和力较低(KD=30 nM)[15].细胞因子与效应细胞表面受体的结合能力决定了信号传导通路的作用程度[16-17].IL⁃13与IL⁃3Rα1结合后可募集IL⁃4Rα形成功能受体,激活JAK1或JAK2/TYK2,下游STAT6磷酸化形成二聚体,转移至细胞核调节基因转录[18].IL⁃13还可以与高亲和力的膜受体IL⁃13Rα2结合,但至今尚未发现下游明确的信号通路.
IL⁃13Rα2由380个氨基酸组成,编码基因位于Xq24,主要包括膜型、胞内型、分泌型三种形式,且可相互转化,与 IL⁃13结合调节其作用[19].干扰素 γ(interferon⁃γ,IFN⁃γ)可快速动员存储的胞内型IL⁃13Rα2转移至胞膜,与IL⁃13结合降低其信号强度[20].分泌性IL⁃13Rα2主要在鼠血清与尿液中发现,其亲和力为膜型IL⁃13Rα2的2~3倍,在鼠体内,分泌型IL⁃13Rα2作为抑制蛋白调节IL⁃13信号反应[21].尚未发现人类血清标本中存在分泌型IL⁃13Rα2[22],这也说明膜型IL⁃13Rα2在人体生物功能中起重要作用[23].膜型IL⁃13Rα2由17个氨基酸构成胞浆内尾端,其主要通过胞内尾端发挥作用调节IL⁃4R介导的STAT6信号通路[24].
IL⁃13Rα2在多种肿瘤中高表达,如恶性胶质瘤、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌等.在胶质瘤中,IL⁃13Rα2的表达与胶质瘤级别呈正相关,高级别胶质瘤IL⁃13Rα2表达量高,低级别或正常脑组织低表达或不表达IL⁃13Rα2[25],且IL⁃13Rα2高表达与不良预后相关[26].IL⁃13Rα2启动子已被成功确认并克隆[27].在胶质瘤细胞中,活化T细胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cell,NFAT)和活化蛋白⁃1(activa⁃tor protein⁃1,AP⁃1)是IL⁃13Rα2表达的必需转录因子,NFAT或AP⁃1上调可促进IL⁃13Rα2表达,利用NFAT或AP⁃1抑制剂可降低IL⁃13Rα2表达[28].在支气管上皮细胞中发现IL⁃4与IL⁃13诱导IL⁃13Rα2表达,其作为负反馈下调IL⁃13的信号作用[29].肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor⁃α,TNF⁃α)可促进IL⁃4与IL⁃13诱导的IL⁃13Rα2表达[30].
在胰腺癌细胞中,IL⁃13Rα2阳性表达的胰腺癌细胞中,其启动子区组蛋白高度乙酰化,而在IL⁃13Rα2阴性细胞中组蛋白乙酰化水平却大大降低.对IL⁃13Rα2阴性细胞予以组蛋白去乙酰化酶(his⁃tone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制剂,发现不但组蛋白乙酰化水平提高,IL⁃13Rα2表达量也明显增高[31].在雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor α,ERα)阴性乳腺癌中,ERα转录激活因子PNR可通过结合IL⁃3Rα2启动子促进IL⁃13Rα2的表达,进而促进肿瘤细胞侵袭转移.该作用通过IL⁃13刺激IL⁃13Rα2促进ERK1/2磷酸化产生,而且因为PNR并未改变IL⁃13Rα1表达量,所以认为此过程并非 IL⁃13与 IL⁃13Rα1起作用[32].由此可见,IL⁃13Rα2启动子区组蛋白乙酰化修饰或某些肿瘤转录激活因子都与其表达情况密切相关.而胶质瘤中IL⁃13Rα2的高表达机制是否与此类似,仍需要进一步研究.
IL⁃4和IL⁃13皆可作用于Ⅱ型IL⁃4R.在胶质母细胞中,尽管其表达信号通路必须的蛋白分子,但对IL⁃4与 IL⁃13却未能产生信号反应,原因在于IL⁃13Rα2作为高亲和力诱导受体,与IL⁃13结合抑制IL⁃13介导的STAT6信号通路.同时IL⁃13Rα2还可以通过其胞内尾端与IL⁃4Rα胞内端相互作用抑制IL⁃4介导的STAT6信号通路[33].基底样乳腺癌体内实验表明,敲低IL⁃13Rα2可适当延缓原发肿瘤生长,明显减少肺转移发生,同时IL⁃13调节的STAT6信号通路得以增强.而且,敲低IL⁃13Rα2同时予以IL⁃13刺激可通过STAT6依赖途径上调肿瘤转移抑制蛋白肿瘤蛋白63(TP63)[34].但有研究报道,在胶质瘤细胞中STAT6的表达促进肿瘤细胞增殖与侵袭[35].那么,IL⁃13与IL⁃13Rα2作用会对胶质瘤细胞产生怎样的生物学行为影响呢?
有研究[36]报道,在卵巢癌细胞和胶质母细胞中利用放射性同位素标记方法证明了 IL⁃13Rα2与IL⁃13结合后内化转移至胞内,而非通过STAT6通路发挥作用.在胰腺癌、卵巢癌细胞中,在IL⁃13作用下高表达 IL⁃13Rα2细胞通过 ERK/AP⁃1通路影响MMP⁃9、MMP⁃12、MMP⁃14表达,从而促进肿瘤的侵袭转移[37⁃38].结肠癌细胞可分泌免疫抑制性细胞因子IL⁃4与IL⁃13,诱导高亲和力受体IL⁃13Ra2表达.IL⁃13通过IL⁃13Ra2激活肿瘤相关信号分子PI3K、ATK、SRC,促进结肠癌侵袭转移[39].以上提示,IL⁃13Rα2可以通过其自身下游信号通路促进肿瘤的侵袭转移.
胶质瘤中,高表达IL⁃13Rα2促进胶质瘤细胞的增殖、迁移与侵袭,而此效应通过激活 SRC/PI3K/ATK/mTOR通路得以实现.研究发现,胶质瘤细胞SF295和U87可表达细胞因子IL⁃13蛋白,而额外予以IL⁃13刺激后,IL⁃13Rα2高表达细胞增殖侵袭能力明显增强,而相对低表达细胞增殖侵袭能力变化不明显,SRC抑制剂PP2可作用于IL⁃13Rα2高表达细胞降低SRC、ATK、mTOR的磷酸化水平,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖与侵袭.且胶质瘤标本分析显示,IL⁃13Rα2 mRNA表达量与SRC mRNA表达呈正相关[40].
花生四烯酸15⁃脂氧合酶1(15⁃lipoxygenase⁃1,15⁃LOX⁃1)已被证实与胶质瘤、结肠癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌细胞凋亡有关.有研究利用siRNA抑制胶质母细胞IL⁃13Rα2表达,发现其可通过促进15⁃LOX⁃1表达诱导细胞凋亡.同时发现,过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferation⁃activated receptor⁃γ,PPARγ)在胶质瘤细胞系A172中表达,与细胞凋亡相关,且其拮抗剂所产生效应与给予IL⁃13刺激作用相似.最终证明在胶质瘤中,IL⁃13作用于IL⁃13Rα2通过抑制STAT6磷酸化阻止15⁃LOX⁃1活化PPARγ,抑制胶质瘤细胞凋亡,促进胶质瘤增殖生长[41].此外,IL⁃13Rα2还可以通过上调STAT3抑制肿瘤凋亡,但并非IL⁃13Rα2与STAT3直接作用[42],其具体机制仍有待研究.
基于以上发现,针对IL⁃13Rα2的靶向治疗及免疫治疗得以展开.杀伤IL⁃13Rα2高表达的胶质瘤细胞不仅要减轻肿瘤负担,还要改变肿瘤微环境[43].配体毒素融合嵌合体蛋白治疗方法并非起源于IL⁃13,但针对IL⁃13Rα2的IL⁃13假单胞菌外毒素(PE)融合嵌合蛋白(IL⁃13PE38QQR)却具有巨大的应用潜力,因为胶质瘤细胞特异性高表达IL⁃13Rα2.动物实验证明,IL⁃13PE38QQR可以治愈40%的胶质瘤动物模型,但尚未进入临床实验阶段[44].
IL⁃13配体表达病毒,利用病毒表达IL⁃13配体(R5111)结合于IL⁃13Rα2,阻断其与IL⁃13结合产生的不良作用,但因其可与正常脑组织表达的 IL⁃13Rα1受体亦可结合,安全性与有效性无法保证[45].
IL⁃13标记脂质体,可携带药物至表达IL⁃13Rα2的胶质瘤细胞发挥作用,但其主要缺点是常发生网状内皮系统吸收[46],无法使肿瘤细胞成功摄取并利用药物.但IL⁃13Rα2靶向脂质体携带化疗药物,却可以减轻化疗药物的毒副作用,仍有待于进一步开发.
免疫治疗方面,可利用针对IL⁃13Rα2的抗体占据其与IL⁃13的结合位点,阻止其发挥作用.虽然IL⁃13Rα2单克隆抗体已在体内或体外得到制备,但其与IL⁃13Rα2的亲和力却低于IL⁃13PE配体.胶质瘤载瘤鼠模型中颅内注射IL⁃13PE可延长模型动物的生存期[47],这是唯一一次无动物毒性反应的研究,可能因为抗体的完全有效结合抑制了肿瘤相关的下游通路.腹腔或静脉注射结合PE的抗体片段可以作用于胶质瘤抑制其生长,但因抗体特异性使其效力受到限制,只能针对肿瘤细胞某一亚群起作用[48].制备能够针对胶质瘤多种特异性抗原的免疫抗体或许会带来更佳的效果.
无法进行有效的肿瘤抗原提呈是肿瘤细胞产生免疫逃逸的关键机制[49].收集患者免疫细胞,体外予以肿瘤相关抗原刺激,使其具有抗原识别能力后回输至体内是肿瘤免疫治疗常用的方法.IL⁃13Rα2、表皮生长因子受体突变体Ⅲ(epidermal growth factor receptor variantⅢ,EGFRvⅢ)、糖蛋白100是常用的肿瘤相关抗原.IL⁃13Rα2抗原因其在胶质瘤中高表达,致敏树突状细胞后可覆盖更广泛的肿瘤细胞亚群.临床实验中多抗原序贯致敏树突状细胞的胶质瘤免疫治疗取得可喜的成果[50].
嵌合抗原受体修饰T淋巴细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR⁃T)是经人工改造产生的,可识别特异抗原的毒性T细胞,在缺少免疫共刺激分子及主要组织相容性抗原Ⅰ的情况下可杀伤肿瘤细胞.针对IL⁃13Rα2的CAR⁃T细胞胶质瘤治疗已经开展.到目前为止,颅内注射是针对IL⁃13Rα2的CAR⁃T细胞治疗胶质瘤的唯一有效给药途径,但其副作用无法准确评估[51].有报道[52]称,复发胶质母细胞瘤患者采用针对IL⁃13Rα2的CAR⁃T细胞治疗后取得良好效果,治疗后无毒副作用,肿瘤体积减小且脑脊液中免疫因子和免疫细胞含量增加.可见,针对IL⁃13Rα2的CAR⁃T细胞胶质瘤治疗需要深一步的临床试验和总结.
详尽地揭示IL⁃13Rα2与IL⁃13在胶质瘤中的作用及其机制是制定有效胶质瘤治疗策略的必备条件.作为胶质瘤的特异性高表达受体,IL⁃13Rα2的高表达机制尚不清楚,其影响胶质瘤增殖、侵袭与凋亡的明确机制尚不统一;作为免疫调节因子,IL⁃13作用于胶质瘤细胞 IL⁃13Rα2,抑制 IL⁃13Rα1介导的STAT6信号通路,其对于胶质瘤免疫及肿瘤微环境是否产生影响,又产生什么效应,都有待于进一步的研究确定.虽然针对IL⁃13Rα2的靶向治疗与免疫治疗取得了一定突破,但其临床应用受毒副作用大、效果不佳等不利因素限制,仍有待于进一步解决.我们相信,伴随肿瘤分子生物学的长足发展,IL⁃13Rα2与IL⁃13在胶质瘤发生发展中的作用及机制将得到透彻阐述,而与之伴随的靶向免疫治疗也将得到全面的开发与广泛的应用.
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Research progress of IL⁃13Rα2 and IL⁃13 in the development and treatment of glioma
ZOU Cun⁃Yi,WU An⁃Hua
Department of Neurosurgery,the First Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China
IL⁃13 is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by acti⁃vated Th2 cells and plays an important role in inflammatory disea⁃ses.IL⁃13Rα2,a high⁃affinity decoy receptor,is highly expressed in malignant glioma and is associated with poor prognosis.In glio⁃ma cells,IL⁃13Rα2 combined with IL⁃13 interacts with IL⁃4Rα through the end domain of the intracellular to inhibit STAT6 signa⁃ling pathway mediated by IL⁃4R.It can promote the invasion,metastasis and proliferation,and inhibit the apoptosis of tumor cells.Because of the high expression of IL⁃13Rα2 in glioma,it has become an ideal target for targeted therapy and immunotherapy of glioma.The role and mechanism of IL⁃13Rα2 and IL⁃13 in glioma are further clarified,which is helpful to improve the treat⁃ment of glioma.
IL⁃13Rα2;IL⁃13;glioma;treatment
R739.41
A
2095⁃6894(2017)07⁃28⁃05
2017-04-29;接受日期:2017-05-13
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81172409,81472360)
邹存义.博士生.E⁃mail:lnzhglzcy@126.com
吴安华.教授,博导,主任医师,长江学者特聘教授.E⁃mail:wuanhua@yahoo.com