王运良 李智
·综述·
EGFL7在肿瘤血管生成及侵袭转移中的研究进展
王运良1李智2
血管生成和侵袭转移是肿瘤介入治疗的关键问题和难点,相关机制至今仍未阐明。表皮生长因子样结构域7(epidermal growth factor-like domain 7, EGFL7)是2003年发现的在物种间高度保守的基因,传统观点认为EGFL7特异性表达于内皮细胞,在血管生成中发挥重要作用。近年来EGFL7在肿瘤侵袭转移中的研究报道渐多,似乎发挥关键作用,并有望成为对抗侵袭转移的新靶点。本文就EGFL7在肿瘤血管生成及侵袭转移中的研究进展进行综述。
表皮生长因子样结构域7; 侵袭转移; 血管生成
Soncin等[1]和Parker等[2]分别于2003年和2004年独立报道了一个在血管内皮细胞中特异性表达的基因,分别命名为VE-statin和EGFL7,后来证实为同一条基因。人类EGFL7基因定位于9号染色体长臂末端,编码一个相对分子量为30 ku的分泌型蛋白。EGFL7蛋白从氨基端到羧基端依次可分为3部分:1个信号肽、1个富含半胱氨酸的EMI结构域(因首次发现于EMILIN蛋白家族而得名)、2个表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)样结构域[3]。
EGFL7在进化中高度保守,人与小鼠的EGFL7基因与蛋白非常相似。人和小鼠的EGFL7基因翻译起始点分别为密码子AUG281-283和AUG309-31l,翻译终止点则基本相似[1],其编码蛋白分别由约275个及273个氨基酸组成。EGFL7基因在物种间的高度保守性提示其可能参与跨物种的重要生命活动。
Soncin等[1]发现EGFL7蛋白的N末端包含一个进化保守并可切除的信号肽序列,主要定位于内质网及高尔基体等分泌途径的细胞器,因此EGFL7是一个分泌性蛋白。研究发现,血浆中EGFL7蛋白的分子量略大于按EGFL7基因序列预测的编码蛋白分子量[1,4],因此EGFL7蛋白可能存在翻译后修饰。
体外模型中发现EGFL7与flk-1的表达谱极为相似,从第3天开始表达上调,至第7天到达顶峰。而fl k-1为血管母细胞和内皮细胞的早期标志物。因此,EGFL7是一个早期胚胎表达性基因。
Parker等[2]采用放射性原位杂交技术检测了EGFL7在成熟小鼠各组织和脏器的表达水平,发现除在肺、心及肾等血管丰富的组织和胎盘组织中有一定表达外,EGFL7在其他器官和组织中的表达几乎检测不到,成年后生理状态下EGFL7仅在血管丰富(如肺、心、肾及胎盘)或血管重建频繁的组织(如子宫)中相对较高表达。
传统观点认为EGFL7特异性表达于内皮细胞,近年来的研究表明,多种肿瘤细胞也高表达EGFL7[5]。有趣的是,在人胚胎肺组织中可见EGFL7基因的高表达,在成人肺组织中几乎检测不到EGFL7基因的表达,而在人肺肿瘤组织中则可见一定水平的EGFL7表达[6-7]。这与经典肿瘤分子标志物表达的时空特征类似。因此,EGFL7具有成为新型肿瘤标志物的潜在可能[8-9]。
新生血管是实体瘤侵袭转移的基础,受一系列调控因子及其受体的调控[10],而EGFL7在血管生成中的作用成为近年来的研究热点。研究发现,EGFL7在调节内皮细胞的黏附和指导内皮细胞迁徙以及抑制血管平滑肌细胞迁徙方面起重要作用[11-12]。有文献报道缺乏EGFL7将使内皮细胞间的黏附增加,导致其持续性的聚集,形成一个过大的细胞芽,使血管新生过程中的细胞芽失去细胞正常的空间结构,影响正常血管腔的形成[13-14]。与血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、纤维生长因子(f i broblast growth factor,FGF)-2等传统的促血管生成因子不同,EGFL7只促进内皮细胞的迁徙和血管床结构的形态发生,而不刺激内皮细胞的增生[14-15]。除影响内皮细胞外,EGFL7对血管平滑肌细胞也有作用。Campagnolo等[16]发现EGFL7可抑制平滑肌细胞的迁徙但不影响其增殖,对已有平滑肌细胞存在的血管的形成无影响。这些研究提示EGFL7表达异常可能是肿瘤血管结构和功能异常的重要原因。
如前所述,多种上皮来源的肿瘤细胞都高表达EGFL7[5]。而且EGFL7的表达程度与肝癌[17-18]、胶质瘤[19-20]、胰腺癌[21-22]、卵巢癌[23]、喉癌[24]、胃癌[25]的TNM分期和不良预后密切相关。这提示EGFL7在恶性肿瘤侵袭转移中发挥了重要作用。但是也有例外的研究结果,Perlikos等[26]报道EGFL7高表达的乳腺癌患者较少发生淋巴结转移。
肿瘤新生血管的结构和功能不成熟,内皮细胞之间的连接较宽,存在不连续性基底膜或基底膜缺如,这易于使肿瘤细胞从原发部位进入血液循环。肿瘤新生血管的这些特点,可能与EGFL7高度表达状态下,内皮细胞运动能力过度增强及血管壁平滑肌细胞募集受抑有关。目前已有抗-EGFL7联合抗-VEGF促使肿瘤血管正常化的研究,以及抗-EGFL7联合FOLFOX化疗方案和贝伐单抗治疗转移性肠癌的研究[27]。
肿瘤的侵袭转移是一个主动过程[28],绝不是肿瘤细胞被动的随血流迁移。正常成年个体肺组织中EGFL7基因主要集中高表达于微血管内皮细胞。EGFL7蛋白特殊的表达谱以及强大的趋化运动功能,EGFL7蛋白可能具有从血流中捕获肿瘤细胞并易化其从血管内外渗进入新的器官组织,从而导致肿瘤器官特异性转移灶形成的作用。近年来的研究表明,EGFL7还具有促进肿瘤细胞迁徙[17]、上皮间质转化[29]、免疫逃逸[30]等作用。因此,EGFL7在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用更为广泛和重要。
实体瘤的生长是血管依赖性的。研究发现当实体瘤直径达2 cm,就必须有新生血管长入,否则将发生坏死,肿瘤状态下促血管形成因子表达上调,而抑血管生成因子表达下调,从而产生大量的肿瘤新生血管[31]。但是,在这种“不平衡”环境下形成的肿瘤新生血管虽然数量巨大,其结构和功能却是不完善的,反而不利于肿瘤获取血供[32]。因此,缺氧和坏死是在实体瘤自然发展中的普遍现象。另外,肿瘤的一些治疗方法,如肝切除或肝移植术中对血管的阻断、局部消融对血管的损伤以及肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization, TACE)都可导致肿瘤缺血缺氧。
缺氧状态下肿瘤细胞EGFL7的表达是否发生改变,目前尚无报道。但是在内皮细胞的研究表明,缺氧是促进EGFL7表达上调的重要刺激信号。Badiwala等[31]在研究冠状动脉缺氧/复氧损伤时发现,缺氧可刺激冠脉动脉内皮细胞高表达EGFL7。Liu等[32]报道缺氧刺激可通过缺氧诱导因子-1α促进新生鼠心肺组织高表达EGFL7。将新生鼠脑组织暴露于缺氧环境,EGFL7的表达也上调。而将新生鼠肺组织过氧暴露后,EGFL7的表达则受到抑制[33]。Cui等[34]也报道过氧状态下新生鼠肺组织中EGFL7表达较常氧状态下降。缺氧对肿瘤细胞EGFL7表达是否有类似作用,值得深入研究。
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王运良,李智. EGFL7在肿瘤血管生成及侵袭转移中的研究进展[J].中华介入放射学电子杂志,2017,5(2):112-114.
Research & development of EGFL7 in tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis
Wang Yunliang1,Li Zhi2.
1Department of General Sur gery,2Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
Angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis are major challenges in tumor interventional treatment. The pathogenesis mechanism has not been elucidated. Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7(EGFL7) was discovered as a highly conserved gene among species in 2003. It is believed that EGFL7 is specif i cally expressed in endothelial cells and plays an important role in angiogenesis. In recent research, EGFL7 has been reported to also play a role in tumor invasion and metastasis, and thus has the potential to become a new target for the design and development of novel therapeutics for tumor invasion and metastasis. This paper will review the research progress of EGFL7 in tumor angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis.
Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7; Aggression and metastasis; Tumor angiogenesis
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5782.2017.02.013
国家自然科学基金(81501563),江苏省青年医学人才(QNRC2016711),苏州市科技计划(SYS201611 & KJXW2016005)
201506 苏州大学附属第一医院普外科1,苏州大学附属第一医院介入科2
李智,Email:lizhisoochow1983@163.com