乌镇:文化内涵背后的新经济

2017-01-10 01:53杨小亥
文化交流 2016年12期
关键词:孟京辉戏剧节乌镇

杨小亥

乌镇在10月、11月相继有戏剧节、世界互联网大会举行。这两个节会已经完全国际化,无论从规模、质量还是影响力上,都有着国内大部分节会无法比拟的魅力。

小小乌镇在中国林立的大城市中怎样蜕变、脱颖而出?

古镇之变:不变即财富

很多人第一次了解乌镇,是在2010年的上海世界博览会。

当时,博览会的城市最佳实践区(UBPA)以“历史遗产保护与再利用”为主题的乌镇案例馆,揭开了全部面纱。案例馆实体搭建了街廊、水阁、民居,用皮影戏表演以及砖雕、木雕、竹雕等影像图片,展示出“乌镇模式”。这一“实物模型”是天人合一的保护与开发的缩影。

乌镇出过文学大家茅盾,他的笔也写不尽那个水岸人家的幻梦。“漫长的岁月和迢迢千里的远隔,从未遮断我的乡思。”少年离开乌镇的茅盾在晚年忆起故乡时,仍难掩乡愁。

乌镇旅游开发有限公司顾问邵云是土生土长的乌镇人,参与了乌镇保护开发的全过程。他记得,在1985年之前,乌镇一直靠着“突突突”的小轮船联通外界,直到1990年才有了第一条非常颠簸的对外公路。时人戏称:“汽车跳,乌镇到。”

交通不便固然有弊,但另一方面,却保存了乌镇水村河廓的形态和风貌。“以旧修旧,以旧修故。”邵云说,这是乌镇在1999年开发东栅之初定下的保护宗旨。这一模式,第二年就被联合国教科文组织的特聘专家阿兰·马兰诺斯誉为古镇保护的“乌镇模式”。尽管当时,江南古镇周庄已经开发。

陆续开发的还有杭嘉湖、苏锡常地区的一些古镇,它们都有一个奇怪的场景,电线杆上挂着红灯笼。但乌镇却没有:它第一个将所有的高低压线路、电视线、通信线路埋到地下,第一个将排污管道和自来水管道埋到地下。这“空寂”的理念,在2003年开发乌镇西栅时,被很好地秉承。此外,“我们建了两个近1万平方米的旧石料、旧石板仓库和一个旧木构件仓库。”根据民间口述,修复时,全镇移除了“破门而入”的现代元素,如水泥板等。“这可是大工程啊!现在的西栅,有80%还是老底子的东西。”邵云说。

正是因为有这份对“旧情怀”的依恋,才让乌镇人有了世博会上的厚积薄发。

文化之变:艺术即魅力

世博会造成的轰动效应是可以看见的,2011年之后,每天半小时滚动出发来乌镇的高速大巴、高铁列车,带来了全国甚至全世界的游客。2012年,乌镇位列全国单个景点综合营收之首。这意味着,人气爆棚的云南丽江都无法与之相比。

游客从八方汇集而来,就是为了寻找江南风味。“早就听说过乌镇,想来看看这里的小桥流水,感受江南古韵。”乌镇民宿里,带着一家三口来游玩的新加坡客人托尼剥着嘉兴粽子对笔者说道。

量变之后迎来质变。也许是看中了这里庞大的游客流量,也许是青睐这里的旧时光里的小资情绪,2013年,深耕乌镇景区多年的陈向宏与华语戏剧界极具影响力的黄磊、赖声川、孟京辉等人共同发起了乌镇戏剧节。“让更多的人看到世界优秀戏剧的魅力,让戏剧走入寻常百姓家”是乌镇戏剧节发起的初衷、追求的目标。

他们用“艺术家办节”的态度,为乌镇吸引来更多的关注。

艺术家办节,在世界范围都不是一件容易的事情,某种程度上,需要心胸和远见。几年来,乌镇戏剧节自始至终没有在任何一个活动上有领导发言。艺术总监孟京辉对“艺术家说了算”这件事情颇为自豪,今年的乌镇戏剧节能够拿出惊人的世界八大名团,也都完全出于孟京辉的个人趣味,他直言:“联系国外剧团的时候我就说得特明白,能不能来我就能拍板。”

乌镇戏剧节把自己定位成“最好玩的戏剧节”。孟京辉说:“我的乌镇就是:起床,玩儿,吃好吃的,看戏,看戏,愣神儿;喝咖啡,吃好吃的,看戏,看戏,吃夜宵;喝酒,混沌,胡侃,晕醉,睡觉,做梦。”对于大多数特地赶去乌镇的文艺青年而言,乌镇的生活不是这些词汇的全部,但至少都能沾上一部分。每天看完戏的夜半时分,满大街都是需要互相倾诉的人,把酒聊戏,也是戏剧节的重要组成部分。这也如陈向宏今年自己总结的:“乌镇戏剧节越来越显示一个特点,戏剧节不是一个简单的文艺节庆,戏剧节跟小镇结合,成为了一种生活方式。”

显然,这种生活方式不仅扩大了乌镇的影响力,更凸现乌镇的文化基因。

经济之变:内核即推手

2014年,作为日益普及的生活方式的互联网,来到了乌镇——首届世界互联网大会落地,并被作为永久会址。

那几天进入乌镇,随处可见宣传海报。不少游客惊讶,一个千年诗意古镇,一个前沿科技产业,两者怎么就搭上界了?

在全国寻找会址时,专家组提出了三个条件:一是互联网经济比较发达;二是最好能找一个小镇,像达沃斯那样;三是它能代表中国几千年的传统文化。结果,乌镇成为佳丽地。

相比众多传统文化小镇,乌镇的自由、开放最是特立独行,而这点,与互联网的本质贴合得非常之近。

迄今为止两届世界互联网大会的召开,使得这个小镇人气爆棚。但凡在科技圈、互联网有点名气的人物,会议期间你要是不晒几张在乌镇的照片,都不好意思在朋友圈露面。很多新闻开始把乌镇描绘成互联网+经济发展的示范小镇。有报道,乌镇2014年开了700多个会议。但在首届互联网大会之后,乌镇面临的最迫切问题,是需要修建更高规格的会议场地,以满足越来越多商务会议用户的需求。

与此同时,乌镇今天最被人津津乐道的标签既不是旅游,也不是会议经济,而是互联网创业。互联网创业可以突破空间、地域的限制,创造更高倍数的效益。

乌镇之变,已带动了整个桐乡和嘉兴。比如,前不久,中国创新创业大赛的互联网和移动互联网行业总决赛,放在桐乡了,而令人眼红的获胜者福利之一,便是可能在世界互联网大会上与业界大咖接触的机会。这对许多当地制造业企业触动极大,他们自己说“不触网就死亡”。另一项数据或许可以说明问题:在外读书的嘉兴籍大学生回家乡就业的比例逐步提高,今年已达60%左右,而早些年,这比例只有10%。

互联网受年轻人青睐,但乌镇的互联网变革并未抛弃老年人。2015年,乌镇开始尝试搭建智慧养老综合服务平台,计划用好大数据。

有人说,乌镇之变是一个不可复制的特例。但深究其文化内核和精神特质,不难发现,其实一切依然有迹可循,是“文化遗产”推动经济发展的一个非常典型的标杆。

(本文照片由作者提供)

Wuzhen in the north of Zhejiang is now a cultural phenomenon, but some consider the ancient river town as a successful model for economic growth too.

Thanks to the network of canals and rivers that crisscross the region and connect to all the big cities such as Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Nanjing, the town enjoyed prosperity before this part of the province opened up to modernization. It was hemmed in by the rivers. It was not until 1990 that the town had its first highway. A local ballad testified to the poor conditions of the country road: when the road becomes bumpy you know you are in Wuzhen.

Wuzhen took advantage of the disadvantages in the connection to the outside world and preserved the ancient look and layout of the town. In 1999, the town formulated a principle for future growth when it was drawing blueprints for future. The status quo of the appearance and layout would be maintained no matter how the town would be developed. The preservation principle was lauded by the UNESCO and considered as Wuzhen Model. At that time, similar river towns in the region had taken their steps in development. In retrospect, these towns made some poor choices. Wuzhen chose wisely. In Wuzhen, all the power lines, television cables and telephone lines went underground. And the drainage system and the tap water pipes all went underground too. The town built two 10,000m2 warehouses to store all the old building components and materials from old buildings. When the town underwent a comprehensive refurbishment, modern elements were removed as much as possible and the salvaged components and materials came in again. The town now looks like largely what it was before 1949.

The successful Wuzhen put itself on the world map in 2010. The river town was presented as a case study in the Urban Best Practice Area at 2010 Shanghai World Expo. The presence of Wuzhen at the world expo spoke highly of its success in development and preservation.

This preservation gave the town a momentum for further growth. After the Shanghai World Expo, tourists came in busloads and high-speed trains. In 2012, Wuzhen ranked as the top money maker in the national tourism industry in terms of single scenic zones.

And in 2013, Wuzhen Theater Festival raised its curtains. The annual event has now become arguably the most influential theater event of China. At the 2016 festival, troupes from 13 countries staged nearly 80 plays in 22 genres. The festival has become an international event.

And in 2014, World Internet Conference was inaugurated in Wuzhen. When the national government was looking nationwide at candidates for a venue for this global event, the expert committee gave three priorities that a candidate site must satisfy: the winner should have a relatively strong internet-based economy, it should be a small town like Davos, and it should reflect the traditional China. Wuzhen qualified perfectly and came out as the winner.

Wuzhen has been flourishing economically. In 2014 alone, the town hosted more than 700 meetings. Now the biggest events it hosts annually are the theater festival and the internet conference, both attracting participants from all over the world. Cultural events and tourists may be the most eye-catching components in the business model of Wuzhen, but internet-based entrepreneurship is now playing a key part not only in the towns business but also generates business startups beyond town. Jiaxing, a key city in northern Zhejiang where Wuzhen is located, now offers business opportunities for young people. In the past, only about 10 percent of the locals who graduated from colleges across the country came back to take jobs in Jiaxing. Now more than 60 percent are back to opportunities opened up by Wuzhen.

Wuzhen now allures young people. The theater festival is not just a celebration of theater, star entertainers, and new theater productions. It introduces a way of life to young people. Theatergoers come from all over the country, they watch plays, wander through towns, meet for a cup of coffee, chat about plays and everything else, dreaming, unwinding, forgetting about the world for a moment or two.

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