李国华,丁正江 ,纪 攀 ,李 勇 ,唐俊智 ,刘莉莎
(1.山东省第三地质矿产勘查院,山东烟台 264004;2.中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083;3. 山东省地质勘查工程技术研究中心,山东济南 250013;4.山东恒邦冶炼股份有限公司,山东烟台 264109)
胶莱盆地东北缘地区金矿特征及找矿方向
李国华1,丁正江2,3,纪 攀1,李 勇1,唐俊智4,刘莉莎1
(1.山东省第三地质矿产勘查院,山东烟台 264004;2.中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083;3. 山东省地质勘查工程技术研究中心,山东济南 250013;4.山东恒邦冶炼股份有限公司,山东烟台 264109)
胶莱盆地东北缘地区,成矿条件优越,近年来发现了大中型金矿床多处,特别是辽上特大型金矿,引起众多专家学者关注。中生代侏罗纪至白垩纪,在扬子板块、伊佐奈岐板块以及印度洋板块联合作用下,形成了鲁东地区特殊的格局,胶莱盆地为该时段的产物。复杂的构造环境及两期次大的岩浆活动,为牧牛山地区金成矿作用提供了良好的储矿空间和成矿作用的动力及物质来源。古元古代荆山群含石墨的变质岩系和早白垩世形成的中基性脉岩,共同成为该地区金成矿重要的地球化学障。根据矿床显著的特点将牧牛山地区金矿分为蓬家夼式、土堆式、辽上式和宋家沟式四种类型,并建立了区域成矿模式,分析了成矿演化机制。指出了未来找矿方向。
胶莱盆地东北缘 金矿 成矿特征 成矿模式 找矿方向
Li Guo-hua, Ding Zheng-jiang, Ji Pan, Li Yong, Tang Jun-zhi, Liu Li-sha. Features and prospecting direction of the gold deposits in the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin[J]. Geology and Exploration, 2016, 52(6):1029-1036.
胶莱盆地东北缘成矿区,为胶东东部地区继金牛山成矿带之后发现的又一重要成矿区,自1989年蓬家夼金矿(大型)发现以来,先后在牧牛山为中心的胶莱盆地东北缘发现了宋家沟(大型)、土堆-沙旺(大型)、辽上(特大型)、西涝口(中型)、西井口(中型)、龙口(小型)、大里沟(小型)、南果子(矿点)等金矿床(点),该地区也成为众多专家学者关注的焦点。从区域地质构造演化,矿体特征,成矿时代、成因模式等不同角度对该地区金矿展开了探讨(沈远超等,2002;孙丰月,2004;徐贵忠等,2004;丁正江等,2010;李洪奎等,2011;孙玉龙,2011),认为本区地质构造复杂,成矿条件优越,远景较好。本文根据笔者在该地区二十多年的工作经验,对该区内主要的的矿床特点进行了总结对比,以新的成矿理论为指导,对区域金成矿机制提出新的认识,建立区域成矿模式,指出找矿方向,为进一步勘查研究提供参考。
胶莱盆地东北缘成矿区大地构造位置位于华北陆块(Ⅰ)胶北地块(Ⅱ)胶莱盆地 (Ⅳ级)之东北缘(图1a)(宋明春,2009),为胶东地区七大多金属成矿带(区)之一(图1b)(丁正江,2012)。
区内地层较发育(图2),主要有古元古代荆山群,多呈残留块体分布在中生代侵入体中,岩石为一套大理岩、变粒岩、含石墨斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩等变质岩组合,为该地区重要的赋矿围岩。受区域动力事件改造的断裂及次级构造、变质岩与侵入体接触部位等构造面,往往是形成金矿体的最佳空间(如辽上,土堆,蓬家夼等);其次,中生代白垩纪莱阳群砾岩分布较广,构成盆地沉积主体。其中发育系列北东向脆性穿盆断裂,其附近可形成宋家沟式金矿体。区内中生代玲珑二长花岗岩发育,为侏罗
纪晚期的产物(沈远超等,2002;张岳桥等,2008),也是该地区成矿期主要的热液运移通道和近矿围岩。早白垩世,盆地底部基性岩浆活动,形成大量基性脉岩,穿插于早期花岗岩中和地层内,对后期金成矿有积极的推动作用(沈远超等,2002)。区内构造以脆性断裂为主,郭城断裂和崖子断裂为区域上牟平-即墨断裂带的中间两条断裂,控制着盆地的展布。其形成受中生代板块碰撞运动大格局的制约,后期经受多期次叠加活动,与金矿形成关系密切。
图1 胶东地区多金属矿成矿分区图Fig.1 Distribution of polymetallic deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula1-新生代沉积物; 2-新生代玄武岩; 3-白垩纪火山岩; 4-前寒武纪基底; 5-三叠纪花岗岩; 6-侏罗纪花岗岩; 7-白垩纪花岗岩; 8-主要断裂构造; 9-推测变质带边界; 10-成矿区带界线及编号; 11-研究区范围; 12-铜矿床(点) ; 13-钼矿床(点);14-铅矿床(点) ; 15-锌矿床(点) ; 16-锑矿床(点) ; 17-铍矿床(点) ; 18-金矿床(点) ; 19-银矿床(点) ; 中生代侵入岩:LL-玲珑岩体; GD-郭家店岩体; LJ-滦家河岩体; BG-毕郭岩体; WJ-王家庄岩体; XF-幸福山岩体; QS-鹊山岩体; WD-文登岩体; KY-昆嵛山岩体; GL-郭家岭岩体; YS-牙山岩体; YG-院格庄岩体; ZH-招虎山岩体; SF-三佛山岩体; WS-伟德山岩体; 成矿区( 带) : ①-龙口-莱州成矿带; ②-招远-平度成矿带; ③-栖霞-蓬莱-福山成矿区; ④-胶莱盆地东北缘成矿区; ⑤-牟平-乳山成矿带; ⑥-威海-文登成矿带; ⑦-荣成成矿区; Ⅰ-华北板块; Ⅱ-大别-苏鲁造山带: Ⅱ1 -鲁东折返带威海折返带胶南隆起; Ⅱ2 -苏北折返带1-Cenozoic sediment;2-Cenozoic basalt;3-Cretaceous sandstone/volcanic;4-Precambian basement;5-Triassic granite;6-Jurassic granite;7-Cretaceous granite;8-major fault structure;9-inferred margin of metamorphic belt;10-boundary an code of metallogenic zone(belt); 11-research area; 12-copper deposit (occurrence); 13-molymbdenum deposit (occurrence); 14-lead deposit (occurrence); 15-zinc deposit (occurrence); 16-antimony deposit (occurrence); 17-beryllium deposit (occurrence); 18- gold deposit (occurrence); 19-silver deposit (occurrence); Mesozoic intrusive rock:LL- the Linglong orebody;GD- the Guojiadian orebody;LJ- the Luanjiahe orebody;BG- the Biguo orebody; WJ-the Wangjiazhuang orebody; XF- the Xingfushan orebody;QS- the Queshan orebody;WD- the Wendeng orebody; KY- the Kunyushan orebody; GL- the Guojialing orebody;YS- the Yashan orebody;YG- the Yuangezhuang orebody;ZH- the Zhaohushan orebody;SF- the Sanfoshan orebody;WS- the Weideshan orebody ; Metallogenic province (belt):①-the Longkou-Laizhou belt; ②-the Zhaoyuan-Pingdu belt; ③-the Qixia-Penglai-Fushan province; ④-the northeastern margin province of the Jiaolai Basin ; ⑤-the Muping-Rushan belt; ⑥-the Weihai-Wendeng belt; ⑦-the Rongcheng province; Ⅰ-the North China Plate; Ⅱ-the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt: belt;Ⅱ2-the Subei exhumation belt
图2 胶莱盆地东北缘地区地质简图Fig.2 Geology map of the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin1-新生代第四系;2-中生代莱阳群;3-古元古代荆山群;4-侏罗纪玲珑二长花岗岩;5-闪长玢岩;6-辉绿玢岩;7-煌斑岩;8-正长斑岩;9-金矿体;10-断裂;11-地层产状;12-金矿床(大型);13-金矿床(中型);14-金矿床(小型及矿点)1-Quaternary; 2-Mesozoic Laiyang Group; 3-Paleoproterozoic Jingshan Group;4-Jurassic Linglong monzogranite; 5-dioritic porphyrite; 6-sillite; 7-lamprophyre; 8-orthophyre; 9-gold orebody; 10-fault; 11-attitude of stratum; 12-gold deposit(large size); 13-gold deposit(medium size); 14-gold deposit(small size and ore occurrence)
通过对以往勘查取得资料成果整理(沈远超等,2002;张华全等,2006;张志臣,2006;周京仁,2009;李红梅等,2010;杨春福,2010;张忠海,2010;陆军波等,2012),对区内已发现金矿床进行对比,根据其主要矿体赋存规律特点,主要分为四种类型。
A、蓬家夼式:产于荆山群变质岩内低角度层间滑脱拆离构造中(图3A)。特点是单矿体规模大,产状较平缓。一般长度大于200m,厚度2m~15m,金品位相对低,为2×10-6~5×10-6。
B、辽上式:产于荆山群变质岩与玲珑花岗岩侵入体接触带附近(图3B),受NE向断裂控制。特点是浅部矿体规模小,产状杂乱,单体一般长30m~60m,厚度3m~10m,透镜状为主。深部受NE向密集裂隙带控制,主矿体走向及延深均在300m以上。矿体厚大(最厚可达百米),呈层状,走向NE,SE向缓倾(40°左右)。矿石主要为含金黄铁矿碳酸盐脉型,金品位变化较大,一般为1×10-6~10×10-6。
C、土堆式:产于郭城断裂下盘密集裂隙带中(图3C)。围岩为玲珑二长花岗岩和荆山群变质岩,特点是矿体成群脉状产出,单体规模小,长度十米到几十米不等,厚度一般0.8m~3m,金品位一般为1×10-6~6×10-6。
D、宋家沟式:产于盆地内部砾岩次级构造裂隙内(图3D)。金品位低,一般小于3×10-6;金矿体呈密集脉状。单体规模小,长度十米到几十米不等,厚度一般<2m。
图3 典型矿体及矿石Fig.3 Typical ore bodies and rocksa-蓬家夼式(西井口钻孔);b-辽上式(辽上+31m中段);c-土堆式(辽上-89m中段);d-宋家沟式(大里沟采坑)①-黄铁矿构造角砾岩;②-二长花岗岩;③-黄铁矿化碎裂岩;④-斜长角闪岩;⑤-黄铁矿化硅化大理岩;⑥-黄铁矿细脉;⑦-砾岩a-Pengjiakuang type (drillhole in the Xijingkou area); b-Liaoshang type(middle part of +31m in the Liaoshang area); c-Tuduitype(middle part of -89m in the Liaoshang area);d-Songjiagou type(in the Daligou mining pit)①-tectonic breccia of pyrite; ②-monzogranite; ③-pyritized cataclasite; ④-amphibolite; ⑤-pyritized and silicified marble; ⑥-pyrite veinlet; ⑦-conglomerate
对区内已发现矿床(点)资料进行统计(表1),总结出该地区金矿体产出特点多样;几种类型往往在一矿区同时存在;与其他成矿区金矿产于区域NE向断裂内(或次级断裂)的特点不同。矿体规模差别较大,以脉状、似层状、透镜状为主;矿石类型以黄铁矿碎裂岩和黄铁矿构造角砾岩型为主,辽上矿区
以黄铁矿化碳酸盐脉型为主;矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿等;脉石矿物主要有石英、斜长石、钾长石、绢云母、白云石、方解石等;矿石结构以碎裂结构、半自形粒状结构为主;矿石构造主要为团块状、脉状、浸染状、块状;金矿物以晶隙金和裂隙金为主(图4a,样品自辽上金矿),少量包体金(图4b,样品自辽上金矿);一般金品位为1.0×10-6~35.00×10-6,最高可达242.56×10-6(辽上金矿Ⅲ-4矿体);围岩蚀变主要有硅化、钾化、黄铁矿化,绢英岩化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化等,其中硅化、绢英岩化、黄铁矿化与成矿关系密切。
经对矿体形态、规模、矿石特征、矿石类型、流体来源、围岩类型及蚀变特征的分析,总结出,胶莱盆地东北缘成矿区内各种类型的金矿体有着相同的成因,均与侏罗至白垩纪岩浆活动有关(徐贵忠等,2004;张岳桥等,2008;丁正江等,2010;李洪奎等,2011;宋明春等,2013),只是在同一构造体系不同构造形式下不同表现而已,应为同一成矿系列。
中生代晚侏罗世,鲁东地区受华北板块和扬子板块碰撞作用抬升隆起,岩石圈加厚,具陆弧特点(宋明春等,2013),形成陆壳重融型玲珑花岗岩(160Ma~150Ma)。晚侏罗世末,受伊泽奈岐板块由SE向NW俯冲挤压作用,沂沭断裂发生左行平移(万天丰,2011;宋明春等,2013)。至早白垩世,受印度洋板块向NE方向的俯冲挤压,鲁东地区发生了由SE-NW向压应力场向张性应力场转换。应力变化致使幔源岩浆上涌底侵,先前增厚的地壳发生拆沉减薄,形成系列断陷盆地(万天丰,2011)。胶莱盆地即为这一时期产物,接受了一套陆相-火山沉积地层。稍晚,在胶莱盆地东北缘之下形成了具有I型花岗岩特点的壳幔混合源的伟德山花岗岩(120Ma~105Ma),岩体侵入促使上覆盖层产生伸展拆离构造或裂隙(最早时间120.53±0.59Ma)(沈远超等,2002;吕古贤等,2007)。岩浆活动产生的热液携带了深部含矿物质,以早期玲珑岩体为通道向上运移,在这些有利的张性构造空间富集成矿(图 5)。金矿同位素年龄显示,成矿作用集中在118Ma~115Ma(沈远超等,2002;宋明春等,2013)。
图4 金矿物赋存状态Fig.4 Occurrences of gold mineralsa-晶隙金和裂隙金:金矿物(Au)赋存于黄铁矿(Py)与白云石(Dol)矿物间或裂隙中;b-包体金:金矿物(Au)赋存于黄铁矿(Py)中a-crystal-interface gold and fissure gold: gold mineral (Au) hosted among minerals or inside fissures of pyrites (Py)and dolomites(Dol); b-inclusion gold: gold mineral(Au) hosted inside pyrites(Py)
矿床名称控矿构造矿体特征矿石类型矿物组成矿石结构构造矿种矿床规模所属类型蓬家夼层间滑脱拆离带似层状、透镜状黄铁矿构造角砾岩型金属矿物:黄铁矿、银金矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿;脉石矿物:石英、斜长石、钾长石、白云石压碎结构、自形-半自形结构;浸染状、角砾状、块状构造金、银、硫大型蓬家夼式土堆-、沙旺构造裂隙带层状、似层状、脉状黄铁矿化碎裂岩型金属矿物:黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、自然金和银金矿等;脉石矿物:方解石、斜长石、石英自形-半自形、他形粒状结构、熔蚀和交代残余结构;脉状、网脉状和浸染状构造金、银大型土堆式辽上岩体与变质岩接触带似层状黄铁矿化碳酸盐脉型金属矿物:金银矿、黄铁矿(含磁黄铁矿)、黄铜矿;脉石矿物:钾长石、斜长石、白云石、方解石、石英、绢云母半自形粒状、碎裂结构、包含结构、充填结构;浸染状、脉状、角砾状、团块状构造金、银、硫特大型辽上式宋家沟构造裂隙带脉状黄铁绢英岩化砾岩型金属矿物:银金矿、黄铁矿,少量黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、磁铁矿、褐铁矿;脉石矿物:长石、石英、少量钾长石、绢云母粒状结构、碎裂结构、填隙结构;致密块状、团块状、脉状、浸染状、角砾状、蜂窝状构造金、银、硫大型宋家沟式东涝口层间滑脱拆离带、岩体与变质岩接触带透镜状、似板状黄铁矿碎裂岩型、黄铁矿构造角砾岩型金属矿物:自然金、黄铁矿、磁铁矿;脉石矿物:斜长石、石英、绢云母、方解石半自形粒状结构、他形填隙结构、压碎结构;稀疏浸染状构造、细脉状构造,网脉状构造金、硫中型辽上式、蓬家夼式西井口层间滑脱拆离带似层状、黄铁矿构造角砾岩型金属矿物:黄铁矿、银金矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿;脉石矿物:石英、斜长石、钾长石、白云石压碎结构、半自形结构;角砾状、浸染状、块状构造金、铅、锌、硫中型蓬家夼式龙口层间裂隙带层状、似层状、脉状黄铁矿化碎裂岩型金属矿物:黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、自然金和银金矿等;脉石矿物:方解石、斜长石、石英自形-半自形、他形粒状结构、熔蚀和交代残余结构;脉状、网脉状和浸染状构造金、银大型土堆式大里沟构造裂隙带脉状黄铁绢英岩化砾岩型金属矿物:银金矿、黄铁矿,少量黄铜矿、磁铁矿、褐铁矿;脉石矿物:长石、石英、绢云母碎裂结构、填隙结构;致密块状、团块状、脉状、浸染状、角砾状金、银、硫矿点宋家沟式南果子层间裂隙带脉状黄铁矿化碎裂岩型金属矿物:黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、银金矿等;脉石矿物:方解石、石英、斜长石自形-半自形、他形粒状结构、交代残余结构;脉状、浸染状构造金、银矿点土堆式
岩浆活动期后形成的中基性岩脉(117.49±0.29Ma)(宋明春等,2013)、荆山群大理岩、斜长角闪岩,在气水热液作用下,析出Fe2+、Mg2+、CO2等物质,Fe2+(Mg2+)转入热液,从而增强了含矿溶液的还原能力,同时为金的主要载体黄铁矿的形成提供了充足的Fe2+,促使金络合物的急剧分解形成金的沉淀:
2[AuS]-+2Fe2+→FeS2(黄铁矿)+
Au0(自然金)+Au+
随着气水热液减压沸腾,CO2等挥发分大量进入溶液,可迅速减低各种络合物的溶解度,有利于金等元素的快速沉淀(叶天竺等,2015)。因此,该地区内的中基性脉岩和大理岩、含石墨斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩等变质岩共同作用形成金成矿的氧化还原障。
图5 胶莱盆地东北缘金矿成矿模式图Fig.5 Gold metallogenic model of the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin1-中生代莱阳群砾岩;2-古元古代荆山群大理岩、变粒岩;3-侏罗纪玲珑二长花岗岩;4-白垩纪伟德山花岗闪长岩;5-闪长岩脉;6-金矿体;7-断裂;8-层间滑脱破碎带;9-蓬家夼式金矿;10-土堆式金矿;11-辽上式金矿;12-宋家沟式金矿1-conglomerate of the Mesozoic Laiyang Group; 2-marble and granulite of the Paleoproterozoic Jingshan Group; 3-Jurassic Linglong monzogranite; 4-Cretaceous Weideshan granodiorite; 5-diorite vein; 6-gold orebody; 7-fault; 8-interlayer decollment fracture zone; 9-Pengjiakuang-type gold deposit; 10-Tudui-type gold deposit; 11-Liaoshang-type gold deposit; 12-Songjiagou-type gold deposit
4.1 结构面指示
区内已发现各类型金矿体,大部分(如辽上,蓬家夼、土堆等)赋存于荆山群变质岩内部层间拆离构造(裂隙)和变质岩与玲珑二长花岗岩接触带中,因此胶莱盆地东北缘周边地区具备该特点的区域为找矿重点地段,如南果子至后垂柳一带;少数(宋家沟和大里沟)产于盆地内受穿盆构造控制的砾岩密集裂隙带中,目前控制-500m以浅。对比辽上和土堆地区成矿深度(-1000m左右),其下部仍有一定的成矿空间。因此,盆底接触带、盆地下花岗岩与变质岩结构面,是未来找矿重点关注地段。
4.2 岩性标志
从近矿围岩与总结的成矿模式看,荆山群大理岩、含石墨斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩以及燕山期中基型脉岩,与成矿关系密切,可做为找矿标志。
4.3 蚀变标志
与金矿关系密切的蚀变主要有硅化、黄铁矿化、绢英岩化,均为直接找矿标志。
4.4 地球化学标志
各矿区地表矿体出露处及附近,均有较明显的金元素异常(土壤、岩石测量或水系沉积物测量),因此,金地球化学异常也是很有效的找矿标志。
本文建立的胶莱盆地东北缘地区金矿成矿模式,是在前人多年来研究成果基础上,结合本人多年工作取得的成果及认识加以总结形成,较为合理地解释了牧牛山周边金矿床的成因及联系,并指出在该地区找的矿方向,为今后金矿勘查和研究提供参考。其中尚有许多细节未能详加叙述,在今后的进一步工作研究之后,随着认识的提高加以补充完善。
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Features and Prospecting Direction of the Gold Deposits in the Northeastern Margin of the Jiaolai Basin
LI Guo-hua1, DING Zheng-jiang2,3, JI Pan1, LI Yong1, TANG Jun-zhi4, LIU Li-sha1
(1.ShandongNo.3ExplorationInstituteofGeologyandMineralResources,Yantai,Shandong264004; 2.ChinaUniversityofGeosciences(Beijing),Beijing100083; 3.ShandongProvincialResearchCenterforGeologyExplorationandEngineeringTechnology,Jinan,Shandong250013; 4.ShandongHumonSmeltingCo.,Ltd,Yantai,Shandong264109)
On the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai basin, which has superior metallogenic conditions, several medium- and large-sized gold deposits have been discovered, especially the super-large Liaoshang deposit, which has attracted much attention. The distinctive geological setting of eastern Shandong developed under the joint action of the Yangtze, Izanagi and the Indian-Ocean plates from Jurassic to Cretaceous during which the Jiaolai Basin formed. The complicated tectonic environment and large-scale magmatic activities in two phases created the ore-forming space as well as the driving-material sources to gold mineralization in the Muniushan area. The geochemical barriers of this area comprise the graphite-bearing metamorphic rock series of the Paleoproterozoic Jingshan Group and the intermediate-basic Early-Cretaceous dike rocks. According to notable deposit features, the deposits in the Muniushan area can be classified to four types, namely the Pengjiakuang type, Tudui type, Liaoshang type and the Songjiagou type. The regional metallogenic models are accordingly established which permit to analyze the metallogenic evolution mechanism and to guide future prospecting.
northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin, gold deposit, metallogenic features, metallogenic model, prospecting direction
2015-11-16;[修改日期]2016-08-30;[责任编辑]陈伟军。
山东省地矿局科技攻关项目(编号:KY201203)资助。
李国华(1969年-),男,高级工程师,现主要从事区域成矿及成矿规律研究工作。E-mail:yt-lgh@163.com。
丁正江(1977年-),男,博士,高级工程师,现主要从事矿物学、岩石学、矿床学研究工作。E-mail: ytdzhj@126.com。
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0495-5331(2016)06-1029-08