3 影响微裂缝发育程度的微观地质因素选取
前人研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地延长组储层微裂缝发育状况是沉积微相带及基底断裂基础上,成岩过程中多期古构造应力场与现今构造应力场共同作用的结果(王瑞飞等,2009),主要发育3种类型裂缝:构造应力缝、层间缝和成岩破裂缝(曾联波等,2007)。鉴于微裂缝发育程度受多种地质因素影响,本次研究综合考虑储层的岩性、物性、沉积微相、微构造以及差异压实等几个方面对微裂缝发育程度的影响,从而定量地表征微裂缝发育程度与各影响因素之间的关系。
(1)岩性是影响储层裂缝发育的内部因素,岩石的脆性很大程度上由岩石的矿物成分所控制(Buller et al.,2010;孟庆峰等,2012;赵金洲等,2013)。在相同应力作用下,储层的天然裂缝在脆性矿物富集位置或脆性矿物附近更发育。
(2)沉积成岩作用对非构造缝形成起控制作用(龙鹏宇等,2011;龙鹏宇等,2012;张顺等,2015)。沉积物颗粒大小在一定程度上反映了沉积过程中水动力条件发生变化,通常岩石粒径中值越小,颗粒越细,微裂缝越发育。
(3)上覆地层压力能在一定程度上反映储层的微构造特征、差异压实作用之间的差异,是裂缝形成的关键因素(王晓波等,2014)。岩石承受的上覆岩层压力越大,压实作用越强烈,势必造成孔隙度的缩小,储层物性越差,岩性越致密,越有利于微裂缝的发育。
(4)均值系数在一定程度上反映储层微观孔隙结构特征的品质好坏。均值系数越大,说明储层物性越差(王瑞飞等,2008),岩性越致密,越有利于微裂缝的发育。
华庆地区地处甘肃省华池县-庆阳县境内,构造位置处于伊陕斜坡的西部(图1);在地质构造上,与区域构造基本一致,总体表现为西倾单斜构造,无断层发育,单斜坡度一般小于1°,平均坡降为7m/ km,局部区域发育数排NW-SE向的小型鼻状隆起(何自新,2003;李建明等,2011;杨友运等,2015)。
图1 研究区构造位置Fig.1 Tectonic setting of the study area
本次微裂缝发育程度研究应用薄片镜下观测统计技术,通过对研究区9口取心井的岩心样品铸体薄片进行微裂缝统计分析,采用微裂缝线密度(单位长度内垂直于一组给定方位的平行微裂缝所测量的、规则相同的微裂缝条数)这一参数表征微裂缝发育程度,选取脆性矿物总含量、上覆地层压力、孔隙度、粒度中值、均值系数等5个微观地质因素作为评价微裂缝发育程度的指标,其原始数据见表1。
根据表1表征参数各项指标的原始数据,确定微裂缝线密度X0=(7,2.5,3.5,6.5,0.5,2,2,2.5,1)作为评价的参考数列,影响微裂缝发育程度的各微观地质因素的表征参数指标值构成比较数列矩阵D,即:
将原始表征微观地质特征的参数矩阵D和参考数列X0=(14,5,7,13,1,4,4,5,2),进行无量纲化处理后可得矩阵X,即:
将无量纲化后的数据代入关联系数计算公式(式3)中可得第k个表征参数的第i时刻与参考数列差的绝对值。即:
表1 微裂缝发育程度及表征参数各项指标原始数据Table 1 Development degrees ofm icro cracks and raw data of indexes characterizing parameters
然后,根据计算公式(式4、式5、式6、式7)计算出第k个表征微观地质特征的参数的第i时刻与参考数列差的关联系数,即:
根据公式(式8)算出个评价值指标关联度,如表2所示。
由表2微观地质因素与微裂缝发育程度的关联度可以看出,孔隙度>粒度中值>脆性矿物总含量>均值系数>上覆地层压力。
由于孔隙度、粒度中值与微裂缝发育程度的关联度相对较大,因此孔隙度、粒度中值是华庆地区长6低渗透致密砂岩储层微裂缝发育的主控因素,脆性矿物总含量、上覆地层压力、均值系数这3个微观地质因素对华庆地区长6低渗透致密砂岩储层微裂缝发育也有一定影响,且影响程度相当,但是与孔隙度和粒度中值相比较而言,不是很大。
(1)孔隙度、粒度中值是华庆地区长6低渗透致密砂岩储层微裂缝发育的主控因素,脆性矿物总含量、上覆地层压力、均值系数这3个微观地质因素是次要因素。孔隙度越低、孔喉半径越细,流体的渗流能力就越差,越不利于流体的交换,易造成压力的积聚形成过剩压力,然而砂岩又属于刚性地层,容易产生微裂缝,使已产生的异常压力破坏,形成相对较高过剩压力区内的低压区。
表2 微观地质因素与微裂缝发育程度的关联度及排序Table 2 Correlation and sorting between Micro cracks and Micro geological factors
(2)在系统分析影响低渗透致密砂岩储层微裂缝发育程度的微观地质因素的基础上,构建了评价低渗透致密砂岩储层微裂缝发育程度指标的分析模型,采用灰色关联分析方法对表征微观地质特征的参数和微裂缝发育程度之间的相关性进行了定量分析评价,使其更有直观性和科学性。
(3)通过应用灰色关联法定量分析微观地质特征的参数和微裂缝发育程度之间关系,发现孔隙度、粒度中值是影响华庆地区长6低渗透致密砂岩储层微裂缝发育程度的主要微观地质敏感参数,为后续研究微观地质表征参数和储层品质参数之间的内在相关性提供了理论上的依据,同时对建立合理的储层微观地质三维表征参数体系具有重要的指导意义。
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Correlation Analysis of Microscopic Geological Factors and Micro Cracks Based on Grey Association
DONG Feng-juan1,LU Xue-fei2,LIU Min-yan3,RAO Xin-jiu4
(1.College ofpetroleum engineering,Xi'an Petroleum University,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710065;2.College ofSciences,X i'an Petroleum University,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710065;3.Dingbian Oil Factory,Yanchang Oil Field Corporation,Yulin,Shaanxi 718600;4.Exploration&Development Research Institute ofPetrol china Changqing Oilfield Company,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710018)
This study focuses on complexmicroscopic geological factors that influence development degree ofmicro cracks in tight-sandstone reservoirs.Taking Chang 6 tight sandstone reservoir of the Huaqing area in Ordos Basin as an example,we reveal the relationship between the developmentof micro cracks and various influencing factorsusing themethod of grey association.The results show that thisapproach is applicable for such issues,which allows us to determine themajormicro geologic factors that influence crack development and its degrees.They fairly coincidewith the realmeasurements,and provide a theoretical basis for characterizing themicro cracks in the target reservoirs.
Huaqing region,Chang 6 reservoir,micro cracks,influencing factors,grey association