郭欣茹 于新 王亚明 刘锐 尹丰 王淑为 张剑宁 刘爽 (海军总医院全军神经外科研究所, 北京 100048)
脑星型细胞瘤中CD105、SKP2表达及临床意义
郭欣茹 于新 王亚明 刘锐 尹丰 王淑为 张剑宁*刘爽*
(海军总医院全军神经外科研究所, 北京 100048)
目的探讨细胞膜糖蛋白 (CD105) 和S期激酶相关蛋白2 (SKP2)在脑星型细胞肿瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组化方法检测不同级别120例脑中枢神经系统星型细胞瘤组织与25例正常人脑组织中CD105,SKP2蛋白的表达情况及相关性。结果CD105蛋白标记的MVD在正常脑组织不表达,在各级别肿瘤细胞中表达阳性,并有逐级升高的趋势,各组之间的差异与病理分级密切相关(P<0.01)。Skp2在正常脑组织基本不表达,在肿瘤细胞中表达阳性,随病理分级逐渐升高,各组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。二者表达水平呈正相关。SKP2在肿瘤组织中的血管内皮细胞及血管周围也有阳性表达。结论CD105,SKP2表达阳性率都随肿瘤恶性进展增强,SKP2在血管内皮细胞及周围也有阳性表达;提示在脑中枢神经系统星型细胞瘤中,二者的表达变化与肿瘤的恶性发展、血管生成方面有密切相关,有可能有协同作用。
中枢神经系统星型细胞瘤; 细胞膜糖蛋白; S期激酶相关蛋白2
脑星型细胞瘤是发生于神经外胚叶组织的原发肿瘤,在颅内原发性肿瘤的发病率中占第 1 位,它生长迅速且呈恶性侵袭性发展[1]。肿瘤的发生是正常细胞染色体多重损伤的复杂过程,伴随着多种生理现象。其中广泛的微小新血管形成是肿瘤生长的生物学基础,但其机制尚不清楚,研究发现这于多基因的多种调控机制有关。细胞膜糖蛋白(Endoglin, CD105)在新生血管形成中起重要作用[2]。细胞周期调控机制紊乱也是肿瘤产生的原因之一。S期激酶相关蛋白2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, Skp2)是新近发现的致癌基因,在细胞周期调控中发挥重要作用[3]。目前没有两者联系的相关报道。 本文应用免疫组化方法,检测CD105和Skp2在不同级别脑星型细胞瘤组织中的表达情况及相关性。探讨二者在星型细胞瘤发生、发展中的相互关系和作用,以及临床意义。
一、标本来源
收集我科2010年5月至2012年5月期间,经组织病理学诊断的资料完整的星型细胞肿瘤标本120例。男性52例,女性48例,年龄12~77岁,平均年龄(42.6±3.24)岁。按照《WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类》(2007年出版)标准诊断,其中Ⅰ级毛细胞型星形细胞瘤30例,Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤30例,Ⅲ级间变性星形细胞瘤30例,Ⅳ级多形性胶母细胞瘤30例,按病理分级分组。同期外伤手术切除的破碎脑组织25例做为正常对照组。所有患者术前均未接受放、化疗。
二、主要试剂与方法
CD105和 SKP2单克隆抗体、链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex, SABC)免疫组化试剂盒、3,3-二氨基联苯胺显色试剂盒均购自中山金桥生物技术公司。采用蛋白免疫组织化学SABC方法及荧光染色。阴性对照用磷酸盐缓冲液 (phosphate buffered solution, PBS)代替一抗抗体, 阳性对照公司提供。应用双盲法,光学显微镜观察。
1.CD105:先于低倍镜下选择阳性染色最多的区域,然后高倍镜下观察计数:呈棕黄色的内皮细胞或细胞簇,有或无管腔,只要与其它结缔组织成分区别明显,就为1个微血管。每例计数5个高倍视野下微血管数目,平均值作为该标本的微血管密度(microvessel density, MVD)[4]。
2.SKP2:SKP2 染色阳性为胞核与胞质内出现棕黄色颗粒,采用阳性标记指数(labeling index, LI)判定染色结果,即在每张切片阳性细胞最多的区域计数1000个细胞,按LI=阳性细胞数/总细胞数×100%,计算出每例的 LI。
三、统计学分析
实验数据采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学处理。组间采用χ2检验。相关性分析应用 Spearma等级相关分析,以P<0.01为差异具有统计学意义。
一、CD105在各组中的表达
本研究发现,CD105在正常对照组中有表达。但在不同病理分组中,随着肿瘤恶性程度的升高,既病理级别的升高,CD105标记的微血管密度MVD显著升高,并明显高于于正常脑组织。(见图1)Ⅰ-Ⅳ各组CD105标染的微血管密度(CD105-MVD)分别为:8.12±2.98、14.87±3.36、18.87±3.89、23.12±3.45。各组与质控组及各组间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)(图1, 表1)。
GroupnCD105⁃MVD(N/View)SKP2LI(%) Controlgroup2502.84±2.61 AstrocytomaⅠ308.12±2.98a10.21±2.35e AstrocytomaⅡ3014.87±3.34bi15.34±2.68fl AstrocytomaⅢ3018.87±3.8c,j19.91±1.8gm AstrocytomaⅣ3023.12±3.4dk25.69±3.64hn
aP<0.01,vscontrol group;eP<0.05,vscontrol group;bP<0.01,vscontrol group;fP<0.05,vscontrol group;cP<0.01,vscontrol group;gP<0.05,vscontrol group;dP<0.01,vscontrol group;hP<0.05,vscontrol group;iP>0.01,vsastrocytoma groupⅠ;lP<0.01,vsastrocytoma groupⅠ;jP>0.01,vsastrocytoma groupⅡ;mP<0.01,vsastrocytoma groupⅡ;kP<0.01,vsastrocytoma groupⅢ ;nP<0.01,vsastrocytoma groupⅢ.
二、SKP2 在各组中的表达
SKP2在正常对照组中基本不表达,仅有少数细胞内有阳性染色。在各级肿瘤细胞中阳性表达且阳性表达指数逐级升高,见图2。数据见表1。各组与正常组差异及各组间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。SKP2在血管内皮细胞中及血管周围也有阳性表达。
三、CD105和SKP2的表达以及与脑星型细胞瘤病理分级的关系
经Spearma相关分析显示,CD105和SKP2表达与脑星型细胞瘤的病理分级呈显著正相关(均为P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.786、0.823。且CD105和SKP2表达呈正相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.754。
四、CD105和SKP2 共表达
经免疫荧光染色发现。CD105 (罗丹明染色显示)和SKP2 (FITC染色显示)两者具有染色重合。如图3显示。则说明SKP2 可能参与了新血管生成。
图1 CD105在星型细胞瘤组织中的表达 (SABC, ×400)
Fig 1 The expression of CD105 in astrocytoma (SABC, ×400)
The positive expression of the CD105 MVD showed that the cytoplasm was dark brown (as red arrow showed).
图2 SKP2在星型细胞瘤组织中的表达 (SABC, ×400)
Fig 2 The expression of SKP2 in astrocytoma (SABC, ×400)
The positive expression of the SKP2 showed both cytoplasm and nucelus were dark brown (as arrow showed).
图3 CD105和SKP2在脑胶质母细胞瘤细胞中的共表达
Fig 3 The coexpression of CD105 and SKP2 in glioblastoma cells
A: TRITC(red, Zhongshan jinqiao)labeled the CD105 positive cells; B: SKP2 positive cells labeled by FITC (green, Zhongshan jinqiao); C: Nuclei of the cells labeled by DAPI (blue, Zhongshan jinqiao); D: It was merged A, B and C.
脑星型细胞瘤的发生、发展都依赖于微小新血管生成。新生血管为其生长、扩散和转移提供营养来源,是肿瘤快速增殖和转移的推动力[5]。血管生成是一个需要多基因调控的复杂过程。CD105在这个过程中起着重要的作用,是内皮细胞增殖的主要标记物之一。因为它仅在增殖活跃的内皮细胞表达,因此优于其它的标志物[6]。CD105在肿瘤新生血管内皮细胞和肿瘤组织边缘部分的血管内皮细胞中高度表达,可成为抑制肿瘤血管生成以治疗肿瘤的理想分子靶位[7]。本文研究显示:CD105在正常组织中表达阴性。在脑星型细胞瘤中表达阳性,并随病理级别的升高表达呈上升趋势。各组与正常对照组差异有统计学意义。且表达和病理级别呈正相关。这表明:CD105的表达即脑星型细胞瘤新生血管的增生程度与肿瘤恶性进展有关。
细胞 S 期激酶相关蛋白 2(Skp2)作为泛素蛋白酶体途径的底物识别序列,能够泛素化降解多种周期相关蛋白,参与细胞周期调控。并作为一种致癌基因与肿瘤的发生、发展、生物学行为及预后关系密切。可望成为恶性肿瘤基因治疗的新靶点。Radhakrishnan等[8]在对胚胎成纤维细胞系NIH3T3细胞和人星形细胞瘤1321N1细胞的研究中发现,基因表达谱(gene expression profiling, GEP)分析致癌基因发现有丝分裂的信号包含SKP2的表达上调。Skp2在细胞周期调控机制中通过Galpha(12)和其同源受体传输致癌信号。Galeano等[9]新研究发现,通过调节SKP2上游基因RNA编辑酶 (adenosine deaminase that act on RNA, ADAR)2的活性,可以抑制胶质母细胞瘤生长。而且还发现ADAR2在星型细胞瘤中防止肿瘤在体内生长和调节重要的细胞周期通路中Skp2、P21、P27蛋白的作用在胶质母细胞瘤中经常改变。本研究发现,SKP在正常脑组织细胞中很少表达。仅有少数细胞内有阳性染色。在各级肿瘤细胞中均有阳性表达且阳性表达指数随病理级别升高。阳性表达与肿瘤病理分级呈正相关。说明SKP2 的表达与星型细胞瘤的恶性进展、组织分化有密切关系。这于尹丰等[10]的研究结果相一致。由于还发现:SKP2在血管内皮细胞中及血管周围也有阳性表达。且SKP2表达和CD105的表达成正相关。说明CD105和SKP2的表达反应了星型细胞瘤的恶性进展、组织分化程度,可能与肿瘤的不良预后有关。并且说明二者在星型细胞瘤中的血管生成方面可能有协同作用。关于这方面的研究还没有发现。这可以为肿瘤的发生、发展的调控网络提供新的研究方向。也为星型细胞瘤的基因治疗提供了新的线索。
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2015-05-20;
2015-08-31)
AbstractPatients who have sustained brain injury or had developmental brain lesions present a non-negligible risk for developing delayed epilepsy. Finding therapeutic strategies to prevent development of epilepsy in at-risk patients represents a crucial medical challenge. Noncoding microRNA molecules (miRNAs) are promising candidates in this area. Indeed, deregulation of diverse brain-specific miRNAs has been observed in animal models of epilepsy as well as in patients with epilepsy, mostly in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Herein we review deregulated miRNAs reported in epilepsy with potential roles in key molecular and cellular processes underlying epileptogenesis, namely neuroinflammation, cell proliferation and differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and synaptic remodeling. We provide an up-to-date listing of miRNAs altered in epileptogenesis and assess recent functional studies that have interrogated their role in epilepsy. Last, we discuss potential applications of these findings for the future development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for antiepileptogenesis.
TheexpressionofCD105andSKP2inastrocytomaofbrainsanditsclinicalsignificance
GUOXinru,YUXin,WANGYaming,LIURui,YINFeng,WANGShuwei,ZHANGJianning,LIUShuang
TheNavyGeneralHospitalofPLA,NeurosurgicalInstituteofPLA,Beijing100048, China
ObjectiveThis paper aims to find the expression and clinical significance of Endoglin (CD105) and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) in astrocytoma of brains.MethodsImmunohistochemistry was used to detect CD105 and SKP2 protein expression and the correlation in different levels of 120 human astrocytoma tissues and 25 normal brain tissues.ResultsMicrovessel density (MVD) marked by CD105 protein did not express in normal brain tissue but it was expressed positively at all levels of astrocytoma. The positive percentage was gradually increased with the pathological grade and they were also closely correlated (P<0.01). Skp2 expression in normal brain tissue was not obvious. The expression in astrocytoma tissues was also gradually increased with pathological grade and they were also correlated (P<0.05) with significant statistical differences (P<0.01). Skp2 also expressed positive in tumor tissue vascular endothelial cells and perivascular tissnes.ConclusionCD105 and SKP2 expression rates are enhanced with the malignant progression of tumors, and vascular endothelial cells are positive expressed. It prompts that the expression changes of CD105 and SKP2 in the human brain astrocytoma are closely related with the development of malignant tumors and angiogenesis. There may be a synergistic effect.
Astrocytomas; CD105; SKP2
Involvement of microRNAs in epileptogenesis
CattaniAA1,AlleneC2,SeifertV1,RosenowF3,HenshallDC4,FreimanTM1
1DepartmentofNeurosurgery,GoetheUniversity,Frankfurt,Germany;2ICM-Brain&SpineInstitute,Paris,France;3DepartmentofEpileptology,Goethe-University,Frankfurt,Germany;4Physiology&MedicalPhysicsDepartment,RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinIreland,Dublin,Ireland.
1671-2897(2016)15-217-04
·论著·
R 739.41
A
郭欣茹,主管技师,硕士,E-mail: 郭欣茹@189.cn
*通讯作者: 张剑宁,主任医师,博士生导师,E-mail: jnzhang2005@163.com;刘爽,副研究员,E-mail: shuangff@sina.com
10.1111/epi.13404. [Epub ahead of print]