刊首语

刊首语

工业革命之后，城市迅速扩张，有关城市增长和自然保护的问题一直是城市研究的重要议题。如何实现城市对产业经济发展的推动？如何为不断扩大的城市提供生存支持？如何在实现城市化发展与保护环境之间寻找平衡？如何为城市居民创造更加美好的生活？历史上，这些问题促使城市研究人员根据不同时期的城市发展危机，深入思考现代城市的发展方式，提出了包括田园城市、光辉城市、广亩城市、带状城市、指状城市、紧凑城市、景观都市主义、生态都市主义等一大批理想城市模型，并对城市发展产生了持续的影响。

城市是一个多元而动态的系统，需要协调一系列复杂的关系，其中最基本的就是自然系统和人工系统的关系问题。在处理这一问题上有两个极端的方向——一个是纯粹的自然保护优先，另一个是夸张的工程技术干预。自然保护优先的倡导者认为人类城市会对自然造成破坏，在城市规划中必须谨慎的利用土地，首先确保自然的形态和功能的完整性，保证对自然生态系统干涉的最小化；而在现代工程干预思想的提倡者眼中，城市更多的被看作是一部“实用的机器”，可以通过工程技术的介入，为其重新建立一个人工的支撑系统，发挥自然的替代功能，并控制潜在的自然灾害影响。

目前来看，在城市中纯粹的自然保护将面临巨大的阻力，实施起来困难重重，其现实性也被广泛的质疑；而许多现代工程则完全屏蔽了自然，已经使越来越多的城市变成自然的荒漠，环境问题日益凸现。这种自然保护与城市发展的矛盾迫使我们必须创造性地思考如何在现代经济和技术条件下，在城市中重新建立人与自然的和谐关系，实现经济发展与自然生态保护的共赢。

风景园林正在努力为自然在城市中寻找一个合适的落脚点。协调这两个系统的关键问题是：在快速城市化过程中，如何减少人类活动对自然环境的负面影响？如何让自然的生态系统服务功能为城市带来更多的利益？未来的生态城市将突破自然与工程的界限，在城市中通过工程技术的介入来更好地管理和经营自然，并将自然融入城市的各类建筑和基础设施，探索二者之间更具创造性的融合模式，构建一个新的“城市自然生态系统”。

围绕这些问题，我们也许可以从以下这几个方面来寻找答案。

城市与自然的共生需要一定的生存智慧。在中国几千年的发展历史中，产生过相当数量的人工系统与自然系统紧密融合的传统生态城市，积累了大量宝贵的建设经验。在快速城市化过程中，这些凝聚了传统生态智慧的城市特征正在不断地丧失，取而代之的是由现代工程手段带来的雷同的建设模式。重新挖掘这些智慧，结合现代城市的功能需求，探索将其运用到当今的城市建设之中，将为生态城市建设提供宝贵经验。

现代城市发展面临着土地资源紧张的问题，生态建设需要从城市的存量空间中寻找潜力。今天的城市空间正在被重新定义，过去被忽视、未充分利用、遭废弃、被污染和需要进行产业更新的空间都可以被重新激活，通过风景园林的手段赋予其新的城市功能和生态功能。人工与自然在这些空间中可以依托现代技术实现更加深度的融合。

弹性城市是一种未来的城市建设趋势。长期以来城市的动态性一直被忽视，其中所蕴藏的大量能源、物质和生态流都被抑制，需要将城市重新看作一个复杂的有机体，更好的认识这种变化特征，迎合和引导变化使其朝向更利于城市增长和生态健康的方向发展，构建一个具有生态适应性的弹性城市。

城市是人类发展的进步，城市化是一种必然趋势。我们需要不断地探索如何在现代城市中重建经济、生态、社会和文化等多元价值的动态平衡。这是生态城市的核心，也是决定它是否可以真正持续存在的关键。

编辑部

2016年5月18日

With rapid urban sprawl， the problem between natural area conservation and the urban zone growth has been a core issue in urban research from the Industrial Revolution. Urban development how to drive the economy growth？ We how to support such on-going urbanizations？ How to create the better quality of life for residents？ Depending on the individual crisis generated from different periods of urban development， we raised the various modes for modern city to develop to， including garden city， linear city， compact city， landscape urbanism and ecological urbanism. These ideal city models make a great impact on urban evolution without doubt.

City is a complex system， which would coordinate multiple relationships. The issue between the natural systems and artificial system will definitely is one of the most basic one. Basically， we will provide two means: one is the completely natural protection priority， the other one is the fully engineering technical intervention. For the former one， the advocates proposed the designer must be careful using of land in the urban planning due to construction influences the natural environment. Designers have to make sure the integrity of the natural form and function， to minimize the impact on the natural ecological system. However for another side， they pointed that treat the city as a “practical machine”， which through the engineering technology， could re-establish an artificial support system to be an alternative for natural system. The same， control the potential of natural disasters.

Currently， it is very difficult to carry out the nature conservation rules completely while the city is in construction. How to protect the ecological conditions has been widely questioned by the industry. Yet， a large number of engineering projects ignore the natural context， raising diverse environmental problems. Such a pressing issue pushes us to innovatively consider about how to re-establish the harmonious relationship between man and nature in the modern economy and technology. Achieve urban sustainable development and green economy.

The landscape architecture discipline will play a critical role in balancing urban construction and natural conservation. The key points we must concern are how to reduce the negative impact of human activities on the natural environment especially in such rapid urbanization context； and how to make the natural ecosystem better service for the city future. Building an ecological city， we will break the boundary line and connect the nature with engineering technique. In the urban development， utilize the engineering technology to help manage on the natural resources more effectively，and lead natural items could blend into the various types of buildings in the city， along with the urban infrastructure constructions. We will find out an innovative approach on combination these two， accomplishing a fresh urban ecological system.

Given all of this， in the sections that follow we will try briefly to propose the solutions.

Apparently， it must accumulate a wealth of knowledge and wisdom to make city cooperate harmoniously with the natural context. Among the several thousand years development history in China， we have gained rich experiences and have successfully developed a considerable traditional ecological cities that integrate well with their natural systems. Nevertheless， such unique ability and valuable experience on how to build an ecological city is gradually lose due to the rapid urbanization. Instead， by means of current modern engineering techniques， create lots of repetitive construction projects. As an urban planner， we have the obligation to retrieve and learn how to fulfill currently functional requirements of city， to apply it to today's urban construction and provide valuable references for establishing the ecological city in the near-future.

Increasing land resources issue is facing the urban development at present. The ecological construction has to seek for the opportunities within the limited urban space. Today's urban spatial composition has obviously been re-built. No wonder that the neglected land， underutilized district， abandoned or even contaminated zones will update and would be re-activated by landscape planning and sending them the new roles and ecological functions. To rely on the modern technology， human and the nature get a closer connection with each other.

It is a necessary trend for urban future， turning to grow the resilient city. For a long time， the city contains a large amount of energy sources， substances and ecological flow that all were suppressed to some extent. As said， treat the city as a complex system and recognize its characteristic. Drive the changing trends toward the ecological health and more sustainable direction， to build a city with the adaptability of ecological resilience.

Urban civilization is the progress of human development and the urbanization is an inevitable result. We are asked to constantly study on how to balance the multi-values across economy， ecology， society and culture in modern city. Eventually， performing these will lead significant implications for building ecological city and promoting sustainable development in the future.

May 18, 2016

Editorial Office

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