郑毅敏 吴峰 张帅 王燕华 周巍 俞峰 孙俊波 冯金忠
(解放军第九八医院心血管内科 浙江湖州313000)
·论著·
针刺治疗对原发性高血压患者血压和心率变异性的影响*
郑毅敏吴峰#张帅王燕华周巍俞峰孙俊波冯金忠
(解放军第九八医院心血管内科浙江湖州313000)
目的:探讨针刺治疗对原发性高血压患者血压变异性和心率变异性的影响。方法:选择符合条件的60例原发性高血压患者进行针刺治疗,疗程为30 d,采用自身前后对照,分别于治疗前后完善24 h动态血压及24 h动态心电图检查。结果:针刺治疗后血压变异性各指标(24 h平均收缩压、24 h平均舒张压、24 h收缩压标准差、24 h舒张压标准差、白昼收缩压标准差、白昼舒张压标准差、夜间收缩压标准差、夜间舒张压标准差)均较治疗前降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);心率变异性各指标(连续RR间期标准差、平均5 min RR间期标准差、平均5 min RR间期标准差的平均值、连续RR间期差值的均方根值、相邻RR间期大于50 ms的百分数)均较治疗前有所改善,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:针刺治疗能显著降低原发性高血压患者的血压变异性,改善心率变异性,从而可能改善高血压患者的靶器官损害。
原发性高血压;针刺;血压变异性;心率变异性
原发性高血压患者的治疗过程中不仅要降低血压水平,更重要的是通过控制其血压变异性(Blood Pressure Variability,BPV)、改善心率变异性(Heart Rate Variability,HRV)从而减轻或避免靶器官损害,提高生存质量[1~2]。BPV是指一定时间内血压波动的程度,是体内神经内分泌动态调节综合平衡的结果[2];HRV是逐次心搏期间的微小差异,可反映交感与迷走神经对心血管系统调节的动态平衡[3~4]。研究表明,交感神经活性增强在原发性高血压发病机制中占有重要地位,导致原发性高血压患者血压变异性增加,心率变异性减小[5~6];同时,上述机制是引起高血压患者靶器官损害的独立危险因素[7]。传统中医治疗在高血压领域具有悠久的历史,针刺疗法在降低高血压患者血压水平方面临床疗效显著[8],本研究通过观察针刺治疗对原发性高血压患者血压变异性和心率变异性的影响,以期进一步探究传统针刺治疗高血压的机制。
1.1研究对象选择2014年9月~2015年8月在我院心内科住院且首次诊断为原发性高血压的患者,满足条件者入选共60例,其中男35例,女25例;年龄45~79岁;根据2010年高血压指南按血压水平进行分级:高血压1级32例(收缩压140~159 mm Hg和/或舒张压90~99 mm Hg),高血压2级28例(收缩压 160~179 mm Hg和 /或舒张压100~109 mm Hg)。
1.2入选标准及排除标准参照2010年高血压指南,高血压诊断标准:在未使用降压药物的情况下,非同日3次测量血压,收缩压≥140 mm Hg和/或舒张压≥90 mm Hg。排除肾实质病变、肾动脉狭窄、内分泌紊乱、主动脉缩窄或药物等引起的继发性高血压。另外,考虑到安全性问题及医学伦理因素,高血压3级未入选本项研究。
2.1实验设计采用自身前后对照设计,对60例原发性高血压患者进行30 d的针刺治疗,治疗前后均完善动态血压及动态心电图检查,采集BPV及HRV各指标并进行比较。针刺取穴:人迎、足三里、曲池、合谷、太冲。针刺刺法:人迎穴:患者平卧,避开颈动脉搏动处,垂直进针1.0~1.5寸,施以小幅度(<90°)、高频率(>120 r/min)捻转补法1 min;曲池、足三里穴:垂直进针1寸,施以捻转补法1 min;合谷、太冲穴:垂直进针0.8~1.0寸,施以捻转泻法1 min(面向患者,以任脉为中心,拇指捻转作用力为离心方向);上述穴位均留针20 min,2次/d。
2.2监测指标
2.2.1血压变异性指标根据24 h动态血压结果所得,24 h平均收缩压(24 h SBP)、24 h平均舒张压(24 h DBP)、24 h收缩压标准差(24 h SSD)、24 h舒张压标准差(24 h DSD)、白昼收缩压标准差(dSSD)、白昼舒张压标准差(dDSD)、夜间收缩压标准差(nSSD)、夜间舒张压标准差(nDSD)。
2.2.2心率变异性指标根据24 h动态心电图结果所得,连续RR间期标准差(SDNN)、平均5 min RR间期标准差(SDANN)、平均5 min RR间期标准差的平均值(SDNNIndex)、连续RR间期差值的均方根值(RMSS)、相邻RR间期大于50 ms的百分数(PNN50)。
3.1治疗前后血压变异性各指标比较针刺治疗30 d后24 h SBP、24 h DBP分别下降了13.2%和18.5%,治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),同时血压变异性其他各指标(24 h SSD、24 h DSD、dSSD、dDSD、nSSD、nDSD)均较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
表1 治疗前后血压变异性各指标比较
表1 治疗前后血压变异性各指标比较
注:与治疗前比较,P<0.05。
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3.2治疗前后心率变异性各指标比较通过针刺治疗30 d后,心率变异性各指标(SDNN、SDANN、 SDNNIndex、RMSS、PNN50)均较治疗前有明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
表2 治疗前后心率变异性各指标比较
表2 治疗前后心率变异性各指标比较
注:与治疗前比较,*P<0.05。
时间 SDNN(ms) SDANN(ms) SDNNIndex(ms) RMSS(ms) PNN50(%)治疗前治疗后105.61±18.33 131.40±21.51*90.49±19.30 118.26±15.16*35.45±13.28 51.38±11.05*32.31±11.26 51.38±11.05*4.58±3.21 53.51±13.65*
高血压依然是我国发病率最高的慢性疾病,往往伴随自主神经、内分泌功能障碍,长期控制不佳将引起全身多处靶器官损害[9~12]。高血压患者人群中,神经内分泌功能的障碍导致血压波动性增高,在血流动力学上造成的异常引起血流的不稳定,从而改变血流的切应力[13]。动脉粥样硬化斑块在局部环境中主要受其自身张力、所处血管管壁的张力变化以及施加于斑块上的切应力等共同作用,血压波动性的增高改变了施加于斑块上的切应力,使得斑块内外受力不均,因而加剧了斑块的不稳定性,促进了动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展,最终引起靶器官的损害[14]。因此,目前高血压指南中强调24 h血压监测和平稳降压的重要性。同时,HRV作为一个无创定量反映自主神经活性及其调节功能的检测方法,对评价高血压患者自主神经的变化具有非常重要的临床价值[15~18]。研究表明,HRV对于高血压患者心脏损伤具有判断价值,高血压引起心肌肥厚的患者HRV明显降低[19]。目前已有高血压药物虽然能够一定程度上将血压控制在正常数值水平,但由于药物代谢及机体自身的调节作用,往往很难控制好血压变异性和心率变异性,从而难以最大程度地降低靶器官损害。
高血压病在中医属“头痛、眩晕”范畴,为气血阴阳失调、上实下虚、本虚标实之证。针刺治疗可通过调和气血阴阳来达到降压的目的[20~21]。人迎、足三里、曲池均为阳明经穴,阳明经为多气多血之经,具有调和气血之功;合谷、太冲为经典配穴,合谷位于手阳明经,亦为多气多血之经,太冲位于足厥阴经,泻此二穴能达到泻全身亢盛之气而降压,五穴合用阴平阳秘,气血调和,平稳降压[21]。从现代医学来看,人迎穴毗邻颈动脉窦压力感受器,针刺人迎穴,可以刺激感受器,使兴奋传导到延髓心血管中枢,此时兴奋心迷走中枢、抑制心交感中枢来改善心率变异性。相关研究表明,针刺太冲、足三里能使高血压患者ACE表达升高,从而抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,降低血压变异性[22~23]。在本研究中,我们选择了较为公认的高血压针刺穴位,因时间限制未在针刺穴位选择上进行对比分析,同时出于安全性考虑,将高血压3级排除在入组研究范畴,这也是本研究的局限性。但是,我们发现,通过30 d的针刺治疗,能够较好地降低患者血压水平,可以有效降低血压变异性,改善心率变异性,这将最终可能有利于减轻高血压引起的靶器官损伤。
综述所述,本研究证实,对原发性高血压患者实施针刺治疗后,不仅能降低患者的血压水平,进一步减少血压变异性,达到平稳降压,同时能改善心率变异性,调节自主神经功能。但由于研究时间的限制,未具体观察患者高血压对各个靶器官的损害情况,以及针刺从长期来看对靶器官的确切保护作用。
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Effect of Acupuncture on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Essential Hypertension
ZHENG Yi-min,WU Feng#,ZHANG Shuai,WANG Yan-hua,ZHOU Wei,YU Feng,SUN Jun-bo,FENG Jin-zhong
(Department of Cardiology,the 98th Hospital of PLA,Huzhou,Zhejiang313000)
Objective:To investigate the effects of acupuncture on blood pressure and heart rate variability in patients with essential hypertension.Methods:60 Hypertensive patients were selected to be treated with acupuncture for 30 days.Before and after acupuncture treatment,24 hour ambulatory blood pressure and 24 hours Holter were performed.Results:After acupuncture treatment,blood pressure variability indexes(24 h average systolic and diastolic blood pressure,standard deviations of 24 h systolic and diastolic blood pressure,standard deviations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at daytime,standard deviations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at night)were significantly lower than those before treatment(P<0.05).Compared with baseline level,heart rate variability indexes(standard deviation of all RR intervals,standard deviation of RR intervals in all 5 minute segments of the entire recording,the mean of standard deviation of RR intervals in all 5 minutes segments of the entire recording square root of standard deviation of all RR intervals,the percentage of adjacent RR intervals greater than 50 ms)were improved after acupuncture treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion:Acupuncture treatment can significantly reduce blood pressure variability in patients with essential hypertension,and improve heart rate variability,which may improve the target organ damage in patients with hypertension.
Acupuncture;Essential hypertension;Blood pressure variability;Heart rate variability
R544.1
Bdoi:10.13638/j.issn.1671-4040.2016.07.001
2016-06-03)
国家自然基金(编号:81400207)
吴峰,Email:sailing.wu@163.com