饶水农 金佳
定语表示人或事物的性质、特征、所属,用于限定名词或代词,多数情况下,定语放在被修饰词之前,称之为前置定语,但有些词或短语充当定语时,则要放在被修饰词之后,称之为后置定语。在英语使用和阅读过程中,由于受后置定语的影响,不能正确理解句子的意思而造成不必要的错误。因此,在这里归纳初中阶段常见的几种定语后置现象。
1. 单个单词作后置定语
(1) 在形容词中,有一些词是表示状态的,如在句子中作定语时,须后置,此类形容词有:asleep、awake、alone、alive、afraid、alike等。例如:
Tom was the only boy awake at that time.
(2) 修饰(如:something, anything,nothing等)复合不定代词的形容词,须后置。例如:
Its nothing serious, doctor?
(3) 形容词修饰如the one等之类的词语时,应放在其后。例如:
What about the one thing needful?
(4) 形容词修饰的词是起名词作用的(如anywhere,somewhere等)时,也应后置。例如:
He has been sent to somewhere particular.
(5) 一些表示处所、方位、时间副词(如here, there, above, below, upstairs, downstairs, outside, inside, around, today, nearby,in,out,home,abroad,before,yesterday等)作定语,常作后置定语。例如:
Beijing is a beautiful city. People there are very friendly, too.
(6) 现在分词或过去分词作定语时,如它强调的是分词本身的动作,也应放在被修饰词之后。例如:
① Some people singing in the classroom are the students.
② Their high standard showed the progress made.
(7) else 只作后置定语,修饰疑问词或不定代词。例如:
If Li Lei isnt free. Please ask someone else to help.
(8) left表示“剩下的”的意思时,是形容词,须后置。例如:
Hurry up!There is ten minutes left.
(9) 有些词(如:enough, possible, more等)既可作前置定语,也可作后置定语。例如:
He has wine enough for ten persons. (= enough wine)
(10) 基数词作定语,表示顺序时,也需后置。如:
① Lesson One ② Room 203
(11) 一些形容词,如deep, high, long, old, tall, wide, young等与表示度量的短语连用时,要后置。例如:
There is a tower about 180 feet high.
(12) 由and、but、or连接的两个并列描述性形容词修饰名词时必须后置,且表达非限制意义。例如:
The stories are so interesting that people, old and young, enjoy listening to them.
(13) 形容词作定语在一些固定词组中习惯放在被修饰词后。例如:
① the third person singular
② the sum total
2. 短语作后置定语
(1) 形容词短语、介词短语、副词短语等作定语时,须后置。例如:
① My daughter is the girl in white under the tree.
② I live in a village far from here.
(2) 动词不定式(短语)作后置定语,其动作大多含有一种未来倾向,和其所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或修饰关系等。例如:
① That will be the only thing to do now. (动宾关系)
② Is this something to be ashamed of? (修饰关系,of 不可省略)
(3) 分词短语作后置定语。分词短语包括现在分词短语和过去分词短语(注意:分词本身作定语时是前置的),现在分词可用来表示正在进行的动作或经常性动作。例如:
① An Eighth Route Army man riding a horse came from the front.
② Is English the language spoken by the largest number of people in the world?
3. 句子作定语(即定语从句)
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,都是放在被修饰词的后面,非限制性定语从句常用逗号隔开,表示补充说明。例如:
① There is only one thing I can do.
② I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party.
通过对后置定语归纳整理,我们可以看到,英语中的定语后置有一定的规律可循。在今后英语学习中,只要遵循规律,就一定能区分并能正确地使用。
廖志恩. 汉语定语英译初探[J]. 教文汇(中旬刊), 2011(01).
(作者单位:湖北省咸宁市崇阳县白霓镇中学)