王百盛, 刘欣伟, 张敬东, 韩文锋, 王 宁, 刘海立
沈阳军区总医院 骨科 全军重症战创伤救治中心,辽宁 沈阳 110016
静脉联合局部应用氨甲环酸对人工全髋关节置换术失血量影响
王百盛,刘欣伟,张敬东,韩文锋,王宁,刘海立
沈阳军区总医院 骨科 全军重症战创伤救治中心,辽宁 沈阳110016
摘要:目的研究静脉联合局部应用氨甲环酸(TXA)对初次行单侧人工全髋关节置换术(THA)围术期失血量的影响。方法选取2015年3月至2016年3月在沈阳军区总医院骨科行初次单侧人工THA患者122例,随机分为静脉联合局部TXA组(A组)61例及对照组(B组)61例。A组术中髋臼及股骨髓腔创面分别应用1.0 g(10 ml)TXA原液浸润,并用纱布填充髓腔止血10 s,于关闭关节腔后经引流管关节腔内注射2.0 g(20ml)TXA,夹闭引流管4 h后打开,术后48 h拔除引流装置,术后6 h及24 h静脉滴注0.5 g TXA+100 ml生理盐水。B组静脉联合局部应用相同剂量生理盐水。观察记录两组患者总失血量、术中失血量、术后24 h及72 h血红蛋白、术后引流量、活化部分凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间、血栓事件发生率等。结果A组患者总失血量、术后引流量均明显少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组术后24 h及72 h血红蛋白值均明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者术后均未发生血栓事件。结论术后静脉滴注联合术中局部应用TXA能显著减少初次单侧人工THA患者围术期失血量,有很好的疗效和安全性,不增加术后血栓形成风险。
关键词:氨甲环酸;置换;静脉;局部;围术期;静脉血栓形成;失血
DOI∶10.16048/j.issn.2095-5561.2016.04.03
人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)对于治疗高龄股骨颈骨折、股骨头坏死等疾病疗效非常显著,能够帮助患者尽早下地进行功能锻炼,减少患者长期卧床相关并发症的发生率,但该手术创伤大,术中失血量多[1],所以控制术中及术后的失血量尤为重要。近年来,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid, TXA)被广泛应用于关节置换围术期的血液管理[2]。本研究采用静脉联合局部应用TXA在初次单侧人工THA围术期进行止血,取得满意疗效。现报道如下。
1.1纳入标准(1)诊断为股骨头缺血性坏死、髋关节骨关节炎需行Ⅰ期单侧人工THA;(2)假体均为强生公司pinnacle生物全髋关节(全陶)假体;(3)术前凝血功能、血红蛋白、红细胞比容均正常者;(4)既往未行任何髋部手术;(5)获得伦理委员会批准,患者及其家属已签署知情同意书,同意参加本次研究。
1.2排除标准(1)患者患有凝血障功能碍,合并其他血液系统疾病或者血红蛋白<90 g/L;(2)美国麻醉协会麻醉评分>3分;(3)患有严重心、肺、肝、肾功能不全;(4)既往有血栓、脑梗病史者;(5)患有恶性肿瘤患者;(6)伴有身体任何部位活动性感染患者;(7)对TXA过敏者。
1.3一般资料纳入研究患者122例,按照随机数字表法分为两组,静脉联合局部TXA组(A组)61例及对照组(B组)61例。两组患者在年龄、性别、体质量指数、病种类别:骨关节炎/股骨头缺血性坏死(OA/AVN)、术前凝血酶原时间(PT)、术前活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、术前血红蛋白(Hb)方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性(表1)。
表1 两组患者一般资料比较±s)
1.2手术方法两组患者全部采用全身麻醉,全部手术由同一组医师完成,均采用后外侧切口入路,平均手术时间从切开皮肤至缝合皮肤计算,髋关节假体均为强生公司pinnacle生物全髋关节(全陶)假体,采用常规术式进行手术。术后夹闭引流管4 h后打开,术后48 h拔除引流装置,并记录引流量。A组术中分别应用1.0 g(10 ml)TXA原液浸润髋臼及股骨髓腔创面,并用纱布填充髓腔止血10 s,于关闭关节腔后经引流管向关节腔内注射2.0 g(20 ml)TXA,术后6 h及24 h静脉滴注0.5 g TXA+100 ml生理盐水;B组静脉联合局部应用相同剂量生理盐水。
1.3围术期治疗术后12 h给予抗凝药物利伐沙班10 mg口服,1片/d,至术后4周。术后由主管医师指导行踝泵、股四头肌等长收缩等练习,锻炼肌肉功能并减少下肢血栓发生率,同时告知患者术后相关注意事项。术后12 h开始使用足底静脉泵,每次使用30 min,2次/d,以达到预防下肢深静脉血栓的目的。术后常规换药、拔管均由同一主治医师负责。术后第2天行髋关节正侧位X线检查,如无异常,指导患者下床行走。术后5 d和1个月复查下肢动静脉血管彩超,记录报告结果。
1.4失血量计算按照Nadler等[3]提供的公式计算患者血容量(PBV)。
PBV=K1×身高(m3)+K2×质量(kg)+K3
男性患者K1=0.366 9,K2=0.032 19,K3=0.604 1;女性患者K1=0.356 1,K2=0.033 08,K3=0.183 3。
红细胞丢失量= PBV×(术前红细胞比容-红细胞比容最低值)
患者总失血量=总红细胞丢失量/术前红细胞比容
两组患者术中、术后均未输血。
2.1两组患者术后总失血量、术中失血量、术后引流量及术后血红蛋白比较A组患者术后总失血量、术后引流量均明显少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组患者术后24 h及72 h血红蛋白值均明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
表1 两组患者术后总失血量、术中失血量、术后引流量及术后24、72 h血红蛋白比较±s)
2.2两组患者术后24 h活化部分凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间比较两组患者术后24 h活化部分凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
表3 两组患者术后24 h活化部分凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间比较±s)
2.3两组患者发生血栓事件比较 两组患者术中、术后均未发生血栓事件。
人工THA是目前治疗高龄股骨颈骨折、先天性髋关节发育不良等疾病的有效措施,年手术量不断增长[4]。人工THA造成的创伤大,手术激活纤溶亢进系统,且术中股骨截骨、股骨腔扩髓和髋臼侧打磨等均会造成患者术中术后大量失血。Rosencher等[5]的欧洲多中心调查显示,初次行单侧人工THA的患者围术期失血量约为1 944 ml。围术期失血量过多会造成患者贫血,且术后重度贫血会增加关节内感染风险,延长康复时间,甚至会增加患者死亡率[6]。目前人工THA围术期的异体输血率较高,Hart等[7]分析了2011年美国骨科的统计数据,统计了9 362例接受初次单侧人工THA的患者,其中有22.2%的患者接受异体输血。异体输血存在医源性感染、输血反应等风险,且会增加患者的住院费用,增加患者的家庭负担[8-9]。因此,降低人工THA患者术中术后失血量至关重要。目前,自体血回输、神经阻滞麻醉及TXA的应用等方法被用于人工THA中[10-12],以减少手术失血量、降低患者输血率,其中TXA的使用效果显著[13]。
TXA是赖氨酸合成的衍生物,与赖氨酸结合位点的亲和力极强,能够竞争性抑制纤维蛋白溶解酶的活性,从而减少纤维蛋白的降解,达到止血的目的,并且不增加围术期血栓事件的发生率[14-15]。Poeran等[16]通过对872 416例全髋或全膝关节置换的患者进行回顾性研究发现,使用TXA不仅不会增加围术期血栓的形成,而且能在一定程度上降低血栓形成风险。Patel等[17]研究发现,静脉或局部应用TXA都可以减少人工THA围术期的失血量。静脉滴注TXA作用范围广,抑制因手术激活的机体纤溶亢进,从而显著减少了THA围术期的失血量;手术部位局部浸润TXA可靶向作用于创面,全身吸收较少,同样可以减少术中、术后的出血。本研究结果显示,A组患者总失血量、术后引流量均明显少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组术后24、72 h血红蛋白均明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本研究认为静脉与局部联合应用TXA可把两者的优势相结合,既可显著减少THA术中出血量,降低输血率,又可有效减少全身纤溶反应,从而达到止血目的。
综上所述,静脉联合局部应用TXA能显著减少初次单侧人工THA围术期的失血量,并且在全部应用TXA的患者中均未发生静脉血栓事件。此外,该药品的价效比高,给药途径方便。所以,静脉联合局部应用TXA值得推广临床使用。
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基金项目:社会发展攻关计划(2013225089)
通信作者:张敬东,E-mail:87527670@163.com
文章编号:2095-5561(2016)04-0200-04 中图分类号:R687.3
文献标志码:A
收稿日期:2016-06-05
Combined intravenous and topical application of tranexamic acid in the perioperative application of artificial total hip arthroplasty
WANG Bai-sheng,LIU Xin-wei,ZHANG Jing-dong,HAN Wen-feng,WANG Ning,LIU Hai-li
(Department of Orthopedics,The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command,Shenyang 110016,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the observation of combined intravenous and topical application of tranexamic acid on primary unilateral artificial total hip arthroplasty(THA) perioperative blood loss effect.MethodsA retrospective study was performed on 122 cases of patients that received primary unilateral artificial THA in the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command from March 2015 to March 2016.Patients were randomly divided into the combined intravenous and topical TXA group(Group A) and the control group(Group B),with 61 cases in each group.Patients in group A that underwent acetabular and femoral medullary cavity of wound were used 1.0g(10 ml) ammonia TXA liquid infiltration,and medullary cavity hemostatic 10 seconds was filled with gauze,articular cavity after the closure of the drainage tube to the intra-articular injection of 2.0g(20 ml) TXA and clamping of the drainage tube 4 hours after opening,after 48 hours were pulled in drainage device,postoperative 6 hours and postoperative 24 hours intravenous injection 0.5g ammonium TXA with 100 ml of physiological saline.In Group B,combined intravenous and topical application of the same dose of saline.The two groups of patients with total blood loss,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative 24 hours and 72 hours Hb,APTT,PT and thromboembolic events occur rate were observed and recorded.ResultsThe bleeding volume during operation,drainage volume in Group A were significantly less than those in Group B,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);the postoperative 24 hours and 72 hours hemoglobin values of group A were significantly higher than those of group B,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);the differences of other indexes had no statistical significance(P>0.05).No thrombosis events occurred in the two groups after operation.ConclusionPostoperative intravenous drip combined with in topical application of TXA can significantly reduce the primary unilateral artificial THA in patients with perioperative blood loss,good efficacy and safety,does not increase the risk of postoperative thrombosis.
Key words:Tranexamic acid;Arthroplasty;Intravenous;Topical;Perioperative;Venous thrombosis;Blood loss
第一作者:王百盛(1992-),男,辽宁大连人,医师,硕士