PETS2考试中对话改写新题型解题技巧之提纲法

2016-06-30 16:12赖如卓
科技视界 2016年15期

赖如卓

【摘 要】本文在分析了PETS2考试中对话改写题的考查要求和命题特点以及对话和短文的语篇差异基础上,讨论了提纲法在对话改写题中使用的具体操作步骤,并给出了一个范例。

【关键词】PETS2;对话改写;提纲法

全国英语等级考试(Public English Test System, 以下简称PETS)是教育部考试中心负责设计并实施的全国性英语水平考试体系。PETS共有五个级别,PETS2是中下级,通过该级考试的考生,其英语水平基本满足进入高等院校继续学习的要求,同时也基本符合诸如宾馆前台服务员、一般银行职员、涉外企业一般员工,以及同层次其他工作在对外交往中的基本需要。

2016年,PETS2考试题型有了较大变化。其中,写作部分第一小题由原来的短文改错变成对话改写,要求考生把一篇约200词的对话改写成一篇约80词的短文。对话改写题是一种全新的题型,作者查阅了目前各级各类主要英语考试的试题,没有发现其它考试中采用这一题型。另外,作者也通过中国知网等知名学术数据库检索了相关学术文献,没有发现专门探讨这个新题型的解体指导之类的文章。本文将从2016年PETS2考试中新出现的对话改写题型的命题特点和考查要求出发,探讨如何将对话文本改写成一篇连续的短文语篇,以便帮助考生更好的理解和解答此类考题。

1 对话改写题的考查要求和命题特点

对话改写题的题面给出一篇200词左右的对话,对话通常围绕一个学生日常生活中有较好认知的主题展开,然后要求学生把对话改写成一篇80词左右短文,要求短文包含对话的主要内容或观点,且不能照抄原文的句子或段落。本题主要考查学生能否抓住对话大意和主要内容,考查学生的语言转换能力,从而测试学生的语言熟练程度,语言使用的灵活性和产出能力。

对话改写题中的对话原文一般有两个角色,对话主题是由两个角色的话轮转换不断推进和展开,对话往往采用第一或第二人称,也常涉及到第三方个人或事物。其中,往往有一个角色是对话的主要推动者,通过不断的提问来向对方获取更多的信息,而另一个角色是对话的合作者,在遵守会话原则下,回答一系列问题,使对话走向深入,让对话主题得以呈现,内容得以展开,最后达到交际的目的。而短文不同于对话,一般用一种人称按照一定的逻辑结构向读者叙述故事、发表观点或者介绍事物,而且通常以第三人称居多。

2 提纲法在对话改写题中的具体运用和操作步骤

从以上分析可知,对话改写有两个关键:一是,抓住原对话的主旨大意和内容纲要;二是,将对话中的两种人称(一般是第一、二人称)转换成短文中的一种人称(一般是第三人称)。在把握这两点的基础上,用一种人称将原对话语篇的主要内容按适当的结构顺序连结成一篇与原对话内容基本相符的短文语篇。

本文将探讨用提纲法来解答对话改写题,其具体步骤如下:

第一步,拟标题。根据对话的内容结构和语气基调归纳出其主旨大意,草拟出短文标题。这样对话改写就类似命题作文了,有一个明确的标题指引。

第二步,列提纲。根据对话的发展脉络,理清对话的内容结构,概括出对话主要观点并列出作为一级提纲,构成短文的宏观结构;然后从对话中找出每个一级提纲的支撑性观点或事实,列入其下作为二级提纲,构成短文的微观结构。短文提纲通常列至第二级即可。一二级提纲的次序可以根据短文中心适当地调整,以更好地实现写作目的。注意,提纲要使用完整的英文句子。这是关键一步。

第三步,连成文。把第二步列出的提纲按次序组织成短文,但初步改写的短文可能在语言表达、内容结构和逻辑连贯上还存在问题,尤其是人称,时态,衔接和段落结构方面,需要适当调整才能使短文基本完善。

第四步,定文稿。对短文进行最后的审读定稿,注意短文可能存在的某些瑕疵,如代词使用是否恰当,时态前后是否一致,句子衔接和段落过渡是否流畅等。

3 一个例子

下面就用提纲法尝试将下列对话改写成一篇短文。以下是对话原文,

(The year is 1963 in the USA.Two men are talking in prison.)

A:Why are you in here?

B:I was on the march.

A:What march?

B:Havent you heard there was a big civil rights march through the center of Birmingham yesterday.

A:Why was that?

B:I imagine youre not very interested in politics.

A:Im a stranger here.Im from the west coast.Tell me more.

B:Its like this.We black people of Birmingham want equal rights.We want the same rights as the white people in the city.For years weve been demanding better housing and jobs.

A:So youre telling me that the situation here is bad for black people.

B:Thats right.Were not treated as equal citizens.We cant go to the public parks or swimming pools.Its forbidden.

A:What happened on the march then?

B:I joined in the march and we were marching peacefully along and then the police came up. They told us to go home but we went on.They said that the march had been forbidden,but that wasnt true.They hit us with their sticks over and over again and put some of us in prison.

A:I imagine that hurt a lot.

B:Yes,my whole body hurts.

第一步,拟标题。根据短文中A的提问和B回答,不难发现对话主要讲述了黑人B参与了一次黑人为争取平等公民权利的大游行,并解释了游行前因后果,对话旨在揭示美国种族歧视的黑暗现象。标题可拟为“The March on Birmingham”

第二步,列提纲。根据对话的发展脉络和内容结构,可归纳出其主要内容为黑人不公境遇,黑人的游行诉求,警察当局的应对。这些要点前后相扣,可列为短文一级提纲,构成短文的宏结构。然后再从对话中提取具体事实支撑每一个主要观点,列入其下并作为短文二级提纲,构成微结构。短文提纲如下所示,

1)The blacks miserable life:

①Were not treated as equal citizens.

②We cant go to the public parks or swimming pools.

2)The blacks march and demand:

①We want the same rights as the white people in Birmingham.

②We demand better housing and jobs.

③We join in the march and march peacefully.

3)The polices cracking down on the march:

①The police come up and tell us to go home.

②They want to forbid the march.

③They hit us with their sticks over and over again.

④They put some of us in prison.

第三步,连成文。由于这篇短文是叙事性的,一级提纲不需要在短文中直接使用,其内容主要由二级提纲叙述的事实间接呈现,所以,把二级提纲按次序初步连结成短文即可。短文初稿如下,

The March on Birmingham

Were not treated as equal citizens.We cant go to the public parks or swimming pools.We want the same rights as the white people in Birmingham.We demand better housing and jobs.We join in the march and march peacefully.The police come up and tell us to go home.They want to forbid the march.They hit us with their sticks over and over again.They put some of us in prison.

显然,短文初稿在开头结尾,段落结构,人称,时态,衔接等方面都存在一些问题(注意上文粗体部分),需要做适当的调整和修改。改稿如下,

The March on Birmingham

The story took place in 1963, when the black people were not treated as equally as the white people in the USA. They were not permitted to go to the public parks or swimming pools. Besides, their housing was in poor conditions and they did very heavy work.

To demand the same rights as the whites, black people of Birmingham marched along the street peacefully.

But the police wanted to stop them by hitting them with their sticks over and over again. The black people did not give up even though some of them were put into prison. They decided to go on strike until they won the fight against racial discrimination.

观察比较以上初稿和改稿(尤其是粗体部分)可以发现,经过增加开头和结尾使短文的故事性更完整,调整段落结构以突出各部分间的因果关系,增加衔接成分使短文前后连贯,变换单一人称,时态改成过去时,至此,对话改写成短文就基本完成了。

第四步,定文稿。最后通读检查一遍,以确保短文中心明确,结构合理,语言流畅。

综上可见,提纲法可以有效帮助考生从对话中提炼出目标短文的中心思想,内容提纲,把握短文的逻辑结构,使短文改写变得有章可循、得心应手。

【参考文献】

[1]全国英语等级考试[M](第二级)考试大纲(2015版).高等教育出版社,2015,3.

[2]全国英语等级考试标准教程[M](第二级)(全新版).高等教育出版社,2011,7.

[3]http://sk.neea.edu.cn/yydjks/index.jsp[OL].

[4]http://www.exam8.com/zuowen/zuowen/gaozhong/manfen/201601/3487382.html[OL].

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