光合作用与“人工叶片”研究立项报告

常文瑞 柳振峰

摘 要：当今社会面临着日益严重的能源危机，随着社会的发展和能源的不断消耗，地球储存的能源已日趋枯竭；大量使用化石能源已经带来了严重的环境与气候问题，CO2浓度的持续升高，将会给人类社会带来灾难性的后果。发展可再生的新型清洁能源是增加能源供给、保护生态环境、促进可持续发展的重要措施，也是解决上述问题的最根本途径，具有重要的战略意义。在众多的可再生能源中，太阳能是最重要的基本能源，人类所需能量的绝大部分都直接或间接地来自太阳能。对太阳能加以利用将会为目前能源短缺和非再生能源消耗所引起的环境问题提供一个绝佳的解决途径。光合作用是自然界中固定太阳能最有效的过程，对光合作用进行模拟将成为利用太阳能生产清洁能源的一个重要方向。光合作用中的色素蛋白复合体的色素、蛋白和其他因子的协同作用与动态调节是实现光合作用高效传能、转能的前提。对这些相关蛋白的结构研究有助于我们深入理解光合作用机理，并为在体外模拟光合作用过程提供理论依据。基于光合作用原理的太阳能光伏技术可以提高光电转换效率，降低太阳能电池的制造成本及减少生产过程的污染，使太阳能电池成为真正高效、清洁的能源。另外利用太阳能和CO2生产生物能源的微生物是人类开发可持续、可再生能源的另一个热点。通过基因工程方法改造蓝细菌，使之能够高效定向合成优质生物液体燃料脂肪烃，实现在单一生物体内直接利用太阳能和CO2高效制备新型优质生物液体燃料的目标。此外，整合非光合产油菌与光合细菌，获得高效率的光合产油菌，将为最终提高太阳能转化效率，建立可持续的太阳能燃料人工转换系统开辟一条可能的途径。综上所述，阐明光合作用能量吸收、传递和转化的分子机理，模拟光合作用，探索太阳能利用的不同技术方法，开发最清洁、简便、高效的光合作用模拟器，具有重大的科学意义和潜在的应用前景，符合国家重大战略需求。

关键词：清洁能源 光合作用 膜蛋白 太阳能电池 产油蓝细菌

Abstract： Along with the rapid development of society， continually increasing demand of energy source， the energy will be used up and we are facing serious energy crisis now. Meanwhile， the use of fossil fuel results in environmental pollution and climate change owing to the increasing of the CO2 concentration that can have disastrous consequences for human society. As conventional energy sources shortages and the problems of environmental pollution are becoming more and more severe， renewable energy technology， such as clean solar energy， is attracting enormous attentions nowadays. Developing the technology of utilizing solar power is an important move which will contribute to improving the energy structure， reducing environment pollution and protecting the environment. Solar energy is the most important basic energy form of all sorts of renewable ones. Photosynthesis is the most efficient biochemical processes in converting solar energy on Earth. Simulation of photosynthesis is becoming a major trend to produce clean energy resources. The synergistic operation and dynamic adjustment among membrane proteins， photosynthetic pigments and other factors in chlorophyll-protein complexes is prerequisite of efficient transmission and transformation of available energy. The structural data of the key photosynthetic complexes will not only provide key information for studying the mechanism of photosynthesis， but also promote the studies on simulating photosynthesis in vitro. Photovoltaic technology based on photosynthesis was proposed to enhance the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of solar cell， cost less and reduce pollution in production. It has become a hot point of exploitation of biological energy to use microbes which produce fuel by using solar energy and CO2. We can now genetically engineer these microorganisms for the simple and direct conversion of photo energy to biofuels. In conclusion， the research is focusing on elaboration the mechanism of photosynthesis and then exploring photosynthetic simulation， which has significant scientific meaning and the application will be promising in the coming future.

Key Words： Clean renewable energy； Photosynthesis； Membrane protein； Solar cell； Oil-producing cyanobacteria

阅读全文链接（需实名注册）：http：//www.nstrs.cn/xiangxiBG.aspx？id=51066&flag=1