浅谈几个高中英语语法难点的用法及相互联系

刘年桥

高中英语有几个语法要点，如非限制性定语从句、状语从句、省略、分词作状语等都是语法难点，学生难以理解。下面从人教版教材Unit3 Book8中reading（L60 P3）句子：More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California入手，浅析这几个语法难点的用法和相互关联。

1. More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，句中-ed分词分句作状语，表示人们去immigrate的原因。-ed分词表示被动或完成，这里-ed分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语more people from all over the world。又如，The castle，burnt down in 1845，was never rebuilt.（城堡于1845年被烧毁，再未重建。）这里烧毁的逻辑主语是句子的主语，形成被动关系。

-ed分词前也可以带连词，如when、though/although、as if/as though、if、even if、once、unless、until等等。如，

Even if invited，I wont go.即使受到邀请，我也不去。（a）

When heated，ice will melt into water.冰加热会变成水。（b）

上面两个句子中-ed分词的逻辑主语都是句子的主语，都有被动关系。

值得注意的是分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语时主动关系时，要用-ing分词。如

Climbing to the top of the tower，we saw a magnificent view.

这里climbing的逻辑主语是we，表示主动关系。

-ing分词前也可以带连词，如

He wrote his greatest novel while working as an ordinary seaman.（c）

Though understanding no Greek，he was able to communicate with them.（d）

上面两句钟的-ing分词与句子的主语形成主动关系。比较下面例句：

Seeing from space，we find the earth is blue.Seeing的逻辑主语是We，用-ing分词表主动。

Seen from space，the earth is blue.Seen的逻辑主语是The earth，用-ed分词表被动。

结论：分词充当状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语，以此判断主动和被动，且分词前可带连词。

以上-ed分词和-ing分词的逻辑主语都是句子的主语，也就是说依附于句子主语，如果-ed分词和-ing分词带有自己的独立的逻辑主语，就构成所谓的“独立主格结构”。如

The last bus having gone，we had to walk home.⑴

The question（having been）settled，the meeting adjourned.⑵

2. 从句也可作状语，所以More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，可以扩展成主从复合句：As they are attracted by the climate and lifestyle，more people from all over the world will still immigrate to California，对比两句可看出状语从句的省略，就是省略主语和操作词be。如

While（I was）waiting，I was reading some old magazines.

If（it is）carefully done，the experiment will be successful.

因此，上面例句（a）、（b）、（c）、（d）变成状语从句依次是：

Even if I am invited，I wont go

When it is heated，ice will melt into water

He wrote his greatest novel while he was working as an ordinary seaman.

Though he understood no Greek，he was able to communicate with them.

结论：状语从句如果从句主语和主句主语一致可以省略主语和操作词be。如果主从句主语不一致，就可以构成独立结构，上面⑴、⑵句相当于：

As the last bus had gone，we had to walk home.

Since/After the question had been settled，the meeting adjourned.

从上面一、二可以看出：

More people from all over the world，attracted by the climate and lifestyle，will still immigrate to California，

=As they are attracted by the climate and lifestyle，more people from all over the world will still immigrate to California，

这两个句子的变化形式，有助于学生掌握分词的基本用法状语从句，也有助于理解非限制性定语从句、状语从句、从句中的省略之间的联系。其实，英语在其发展过程中已形成一个完整的语法体系。学生在学习过程中只要细心体会，学起来必然事半功倍！

参考文献：

[1]王晶.解析英语介词的构成及用法[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报.2010（06）.