精确喷灌技术与产品2014年度课题技术总结报告

袁寿其 李久生 李红 钱一超

摘 要：通过课题4年的实施，完成高比转速多工况自吸喷灌机组开发，设计新型射流自吸结构，采用最新的多工况水力设计方法，突破了高比转速泵较难实现自吸功能的难题。采用喷头内部流道CFD数值模拟与外流场水滴运动力学计算的新方法，创新设计了特殊流道、异型喷嘴、散水齿等关键结构，首次研发成功新型低压均匀喷洒喷头，突破了现有喷头低压喷洒均匀性较差的行业难题，降低了喷灌系统能耗，进行了小批量生产和示范。开发出高均匀性射线喷头，发明了旋转射线喷头的角度调节装置，并开展了再生水灌溉性能考核，初步制定了再生水喷灌运行管理规程。成功研制出低压阻尼喷头，建立了关键部件的设计理论，继续扩大示范推广应用面积。研制出一种多功能轻小型灌溉机组和流量可调式喷头，并对产品进行了室内和大田试验。开发出文丘里施肥器、柱塞式注肥泵、注射喷嘴和精准施肥控制系统，完成了样机的加工和小批量生产，进行了性能考核试验和田间测试试验，并进行了水肥一体化示范应用。开发快速连接管件，构建出一种固定移动两用软管喷灌系统。针对现有泵不能满足喷滴灌两用机组各种组合模式的运行工况要求，成功研制出喷滴灌两用自吸泵，实现了喷灌、滴灌两种工况的系统需求。首次开发出喷滴灌两用灌溉机组，解决了作物轮作、间作所需的喷滴灌要求，满足了不同经济条件与灌溉条件地区的选择。一种多功能轻小型灌溉机组成型。首次建立了太阳能离心泵关死点功率预测技术，解决了太阳能离心泵关死点功率的控制问题，发明了离心泵多工况水力优化与设计技术以及匹配性更好地控制器算法，解决了太阳能灌溉系统在没有蓄电池的条件下高效运行的问题，成功开发出1 kW可移动式太阳能智能灌溉系统。开展了两年的大型喷灌机水肥运移特征与夏玉米水肥高效利用模式试验，并通过与作物模型的联合应用，明确了大型喷灌机喷灌水肥运移特征，确定了适用于集约化农田的低能耗精确喷灌水肥管理模式；完成了圆形喷灌机变量精准灌溉系统建设和变量施肥装置测试平台搭建，基于土壤可利用水量分布图进行了管理分区变量灌溉田间试验，明确了分区变量灌溉管理对作物生长、产量、深层渗漏量和作物耗水量的影响规律，提出了基于土壤可利用水量的分区变量灌溉水分管理模式。

关键词：精确喷灌装备 低能耗多功能喷灌机组 高效太阳能抽水灌溉系统 适用于集约化农田的低能耗精确喷灌技术

Precision Irrigation Technology and Product of the Year 2014 Project Technical Report

Yuan Shouqi1 Li Jiusheng2 Li Hong1 Qian Yichao3

（1.Jiangsu University； 2.China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research； 3.Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences）

Abstract： The development of pump which was high specific speed with multi conditions was completed. The new type self-priming irrigation pump parameters were put forward. The optimization design of new spraying nozzle with low pressure for special flow， unshaped nozzle， rotating apron plate was completed. The technical scheme of new typed sprinkler of high uniformity in low pressure was developed. The reclaimed water irrigation performance appraisal was carried out， and the management rules of water sprinkler operation regeneration were initially formulated. The low damping nozzle was developed as well as the design theory of key components was established. The multifunctional light and small irrigation unit as well as a flow adjustable nozzle was developed.The indoor and field test of the products was carried out. The Venturi injector， plunger type injection fertilizer pump， injection nozzle， and precision fertilization control system were developed. The integrated management of water and fertilizer were demonstrated. To overcome the problem of requirements for different operating conditions， the dual-purpose self-priming pump was developed. Two conditions of sprinkling irrigation， drip irrigation were achieved by this system. Then， the problem of crop rotation， spray irrigation as needed to meet the requirements， different economic conditions and the selection of irrigation area was solved. The solar water pump test system and a water demand forecast model were established. The hydraulic optimization method of algorithms for solar centrifugal pump was proposed. The 1kW mobile solar intelligent irrigation system was developed. The migration characteristics of water and fertilizer irrigation machine have been carried out for 2 years. The relationship between water and fertilizer， migration characteristics and soil properties for the large sprinkler irrigation system was initially clear. The low energy precision irrigation water and fertilizer management mode which was suitable for intensive agricultural was determined. The construction of variable rate irrigation facilities for large-scale sprinkler irrigation system was completed. Based on the field experiments of variable irrigation management zones， the affections on crop growth， yield， deep percolation and crop water consumption were investigated. The variable amount of irrigation water management mode was put forward.

Key Words： Precision irrigation equipment； Low energy consumption and multifunctional sprinkler irrigation system； High efficiency solar pumping irrigation system； Low energy precision irrigation technology is suitable for intensive farming

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