李春民,姜双鹏,张望德
症状性锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的腔内治疗效果分析
李春民,姜双鹏,张望德*
(首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院血管外科,北京 100020)
探讨症状性锁骨下动脉窃血综合征患者血管腔内技术治疗的临床有效性和安全性。选取首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院血管外科2011年1月至2015年8月收治的症状性锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞患者38例,其中男27例,女11例;平均年龄为(66.2±10.8)岁。患者均表现为头晕等神经系统症状,部分合并上肢缺血症状。运用血管腔内技术,对锁骨下动脉进行球囊扩张成形及支架植入术。36例患者均成功植入球扩式支架,术后双上肢收缩压差显著改善,神经系统症状消失或改善33例,无效2例,1例术中发生脑梗死,经康复锻炼后好转;2例操作没成功,保守治疗。随访期间再狭窄3例,支架断裂1例。严格掌握适应证,采用腔内技术治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的神经系统症状安全有效,操作简单。
锁骨下动脉狭窄;锁骨下动脉闭塞;神经症状;动脉硬化;经皮腔内血管成形术;支架
锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞是常见的颅外血管阻塞性病变,也是导致锁骨下动脉窃血综合征(subclavian steal syndrome,SSS)的主要原因,常出现后循环或(和)上肢症状。近年来血管腔内技术发展迅速,已成为锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的重要治疗方式[1,2],本文总结了近年来首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院血管外科的症状性锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的病例血管腔内治疗效果。
首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院血管外科2011年1月至2015年8月收治的症状性锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞患者38例,其中男27例,女11例;平均年龄为(66.2±10.8)岁。其中伴有高血压29例,冠心病20例,糖尿病23例,高脂血症18例,吸烟26例。所有患者均有局部脑缺血症状(椎−基底动脉供血不足),如头晕、眩晕、眼花、黑朦、头痛、耳鸣等,常伴有肢体无力等症状,多为一过性,反复发作,均进行了血管腔内治疗。
所有患者均有患肢动脉搏动显著减弱或消失,双侧上肢收缩压差为20~60mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),平均(36.78±19.65)mmHg。均行CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)或数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)检查证实为锁骨下动脉近心端(未超过同侧椎动脉开口处)局限性狭窄(图1A)。狭窄位于左侧者27例,右侧者9例,双侧者2例;狭窄程度为80%~100%;本组中有动脉粥样硬化37例,不明原因1例。
局部麻醉下,常规穿刺股动脉,置入动脉鞘,“猪尾巴”造影导管放置于升主动脉,将投照角度调整到病变侧斜位约45°,做头颈部血管造影检查,明确血管病变的位置、范围及程度,同时明确患侧锁骨下动脉窃血的情况(图1B)。诊断明确后,在路径图指引下进行操作。0.035英寸/260cm“泥鳅”导丝、椎动脉导管或“眼镜蛇”导管及导引导管或长鞘用同轴套装技术组装,导入并置于靶血管处(图1C)。导丝及导管配合通过狭窄段至远端,造影证实导管位于病变远端的腋动脉内。狭窄严重或闭塞者,可用直径3~4mm球囊进行预扩张,以保证支架顺利通过及减少支架移位的发生。对于闭塞病变,可把导引导管抵在闭塞段近端,选用不同类型导管及导丝配合,通过反复调整导管、导丝头端方向,寻找病变潜在可能的通道。如仍不奏效,可选择同侧肱动脉逆行穿刺入路,甚至行肱动脉切开。选择合适的球扩式支架,精确定位后,准确释放。造影观察血流通畅情况(图1D)。术后残余狭窄<20%,患肢肱动脉收缩压与对侧正常对照收缩压差异<10mmHg。
术前联合口服氯吡格雷(波立维,clopidogel,plavix)75mg/d,阿司匹林(aspirin)100mg/d,连续口服3d;术后继续口服氯吡格雷75mg/d,阿司匹林100mg/d,术后3个月停服氯吡格雷,长期服用阿司匹林肠溶片(拜阿司匹林)100mg/d。
图1 左侧锁骨下动脉狭窄及腔内治疗
Figure 1 Endovascular intervention therapy for left subclavian artery stenosis A: severe subclavian artery stenosis; B: subclavian steal syndrome; C: the guidewire across the lesion of stenosis; D:relief of subclavian artery stenosis after stent implantation
要求患者术后门诊复诊,测量双上肢血压,3、6个月时做B超或CTA复查,以后每年复诊1次。随访时间(42.65±16.80)个月,术后双侧脉压差中位数为0mmHg。
36例患者成功接受球囊扩张成形及支架植入术,锁骨下动脉置入球扩式支架36枚,技术成功率为94.7%,术后即刻造影,示锁骨下动脉狭窄处支架扩张良好,残余狭窄率<20%。血流通畅,患侧椎动脉均转为正向供血。1例术中支架释放成功后,患者突然出现对侧肢体无力,立即给予术中溶栓等处理,另有2例因完全闭塞操作未成功,患者要求保守治疗。
术后患者的术前症状好转或消失33例,2例自觉症状无变化。出现术中脑梗死的1例患者经过系统治疗及康复训练,肌力有明显改善,接近正常。
患者脉搏均可触及,脉压均有改善,术后双上肢脉压差为(8.65±7.29)mmHg,双上肢收缩压差与术前[(36.78±19.65)mmHg]比较,差异有统计学意义(<0.05);术后锁骨下动脉再狭窄3例,支架断裂1例。1年后1例死于急性心肌梗死,1例2年后出现对侧脑梗死。
锁骨下动脉或无名动脉近心端狭窄或闭塞,导致脑血流经Willis动脉环,再经同侧椎动脉“虹吸”作用,使部分脑血流逆行灌入患侧上肢,从而引起椎−基底动脉供血不足和患侧上肢缺血的一组症状群,即SSS。锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞,>90%是由动脉粥样硬化引起,少数为大动脉炎等所致[3,4],本组中的1例病因未明,免疫指标也不支持大动脉炎的诊断;由于左侧锁骨下动脉的成角比较锐,所以大约80%的狭窄发生在左侧,右侧少见。>80%的狭窄或闭塞无症状,有症状者表现为椎−基底动脉供血不足导致的后脑和小脑症状[5,6]。目前有症状的锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞是治疗的适应证,尤其是有神经症状的患者,而无症状的一般不主张治疗[7]。本组有2例患者治疗后神经系统症状无明显改善,可能症状与SSS无关,由其他病因所致。头晕等神经系统症状是常见的临床症状,术前有时无法判断是否为SSS所致。
腔内治疗的目的是为了开通锁骨下动脉的狭窄闭塞段,恢复椎动脉的正向血流,消除后循环缺血以及改善患侧上肢缺血症状。经股动脉是经典途径,当病变段难以通过时,可改经肱动脉途径,穿刺常常遇到困难,常需切开直视下穿刺或经超声引导下穿刺。介入治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄病变的开通率可高达100%,但对于闭塞病变的开通率仅为50%~80%[8,9]。本组36例均成功开通,恢复血流,脉搏及双上肢收缩压差恢复正常。2例完全闭塞者经反复尝试,未能开通。无法开通的闭塞病变多是近端“纤维帽”厚而坚硬,导丝顺行路径由于支撑力不足等原因,无法突破闭塞。而逆行易入内膜下,无法进入真腔,常常造成夹层,并可能出现主动脉夹层。
左侧病变,椎动脉的逆向血流变为顺行血流需要一个时间差,支架置入时,如有斑块脱落也会流向锁骨下动脉远端,一般不会出现脑梗死。而右侧病变,如狭窄近端位于颈总动脉开口处,操作需格外谨慎,可能发生栓子脱落进入颈内动脉,造成脑梗死[10]。本例术中脑梗死的病例,斑块突出于右侧颈动脉内,扩张时,支架挤碎斑块,脱离后进入右侧颈动脉,导致了脑梗死的发生。应用颈动脉保护伞不是常规,但在右侧锁骨下动脉狭窄,尤其是病变突出于右侧颈动脉内的病例,预置颈动脉保护伞,有利于减少栓塞事件的发生。
由于锁骨下动脉自身解剖条件复杂,对支架的柔顺性、径向支撑力及释放的准确性均有较高的要求[11,12]。当前为了释放精确,多选择球扩式支架,我们本组病例均为球扩式支架。受胸主动脉强力搏动的影响,支架的抗疲劳性要高,选择不易折断的支架。本组1例出现支架折断。对于长段病变,在预扩的基础上,支撑力和抗疲劳性好的自膨式支架也是合理的选择。
锁骨下动脉较粗大,且流出道好,通畅率高,但仍存在再狭窄的问题,因此术后定期复查随访非常重要[13]。影响再狭窄的因素可能与性别、年龄、全身动脉硬化进展等情况有关,但合并糖尿病、高血压、高血脂可能对术后再狭窄影响更大,吸烟也可显著地增加再狭窄发生率,因此术后控制基础疾病和纠正不良习惯,对预防术后再狭窄是至关重要的;术后阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷的双抗治疗对提高支架通畅率已得到普遍认可[13,14]。本组3例术后再狭窄是在随访中发现的,与患者对上述措施执行不好有关,二次处理后,狭窄解除。
对于介入无法开通的病例,外科转流是有效的补充。外科转流目前常用的有腋−腋动脉人工血管转流,操作简单,远期通畅率欠佳;同侧颈动脉−锁骨下动脉自体大隐静脉转流,远期效果较好[15,16]。另外,对于症状不严重的患者,药物治疗联合功能锻炼也可在一定程度上缓解症状,本组1例保守治疗,效果不错。随着介入技术和器材的不断发展,腔内技术是目前治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的优先选择。
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(编辑: 周宇红)
Clinical efficiency of endovascular treatment for symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion
LI Chun-Min, JIANG Shuang-Peng, ZHANG Wang-De*
(Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China)
To evaluate the clinical safety and efficiency of endovascular treatment for subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion.Totally 38 patients suffering from symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion in our department from January 2011 to August 2015 were recruited in this study. They were 27 males and 11 females, at a mean age of (66.2±10.8) years. All of them presented the neurological symptoms such as dizziness, and some were accompanied by symptoms of upper limb ischemia. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation were applied to them. Their clinical data and outcomes were collected and analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment.There were 36 cases successfully receiving balloon-expandable stent implantation. Their right- and left-arm blood pressure discrepancies were improved after treatment. The preoperative neurological symptoms were improved or disappeared in 33 patients after the procedures, but unchanged in 2 patients. Cerebral infarction occurred in 1 case during the interventional procedure, and the patient was recovered after thrombolysis and rehabilitation training. The operation did not succeed in 2 cases, and they were given conservative treatment. There were 3 patients having restenosis and 1 having stent fractured during the follow-up.Under strict indications, endovascular intervention is safe, effective and easy to operate in the treatment of subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion with neurological symptoms.
subclavian artery stenosis; subclavian artery occlusion; neurological symptoms; arteriosclerosis; percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; stent
R654
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.03.042
2016−01−06;
2016−01−23
张望德,E-mail: drwangde@vip.sina.com