如何选择文章的标题

/文周和春

如何选择文章的标题

选择文章的标题是阅读理解中常见的题型之一，它要求考生在理解全文的基础上较好地运用概括、判断、归纳等逻辑思维方法对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于难题。要想做好此类题，必须弄清楚常见的设问形式、标题的特点，掌握解题思路及技巧，才能做到得心应手。

常见的设问形式包括：The best title for the text would be.../What can be the best title for this text?/Which of the following can be the best title for the text?等。

文章的标题是语篇中心思想最精炼的表达形式。标题可以是单词、短语或句子。好的标题可以抓住读者的眼球，帮助读者迅速推测出文章的主要内容及中心，把握作者的观点和意图。所以好标题的特点是：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性强，能覆盖全文；确定的范围要恰当；精确性强，没有随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

快速浏览文章抓住关键信息

选择文章标题，可以采用浏览法，仔细阅读文章或段落的首尾句是关键。即在阅读语篇时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需重点选读文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，搜索主题线索和信息。尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据篇章特点，我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳文章的主题。主题句的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头和结尾同时出现，首尾呼应的主题句）。

【中考真题1】（2015年德州卷，保留原题号）Green is an important color in nature.It is the color of grass and the leaves on trees.It is also the color of most growing

plants.

Sometimes,the word“green”means young,fresh and growing.For example,a greenhorn is someone who has no experience.In the 15th century,a greenhorn was a young cow or an ox whose horns(角)had not yet developed.A century later, a greenhorn was a soldier who had no experience in war.By the 18th century,a greenhorn had the meaning it has today－a person who is new in a job.

Someone who is good at growing plants is said to have a green thumb(大拇指). The expression comes from the early 20th century.A person with a green thumb can make plants grow quickly and well.The Green Revolution(绿色革命)is the name given some years ago to the development of new kinds of rice and other grains.It was the result of hard work by agricultural scientists who had green thumbs.

Green is also the color used to describe the powerful feeling.Jealousy(嫉妒).The green－eyed monster is not a dangerous animal from outer space.It is an expression used about 400 years ago by the British writer William Shakespeare in his play“Othello”.It describes the unpleasant feeling when someone has something he wants.

In most places in the world,a green light is a signal(信号)to move ahead.In everyday speech,a green light means approval(赞成)to continue with a project.

55.Which would be the best title of the passage?

A.Green，the color of grass and treesB.The stories about the color“green”

C.Green，a sign of approvalD.Different meanings of“green”

解析：抓住每段的主旨句（该文中的首句），就可以推出主题应该是讲解green这个词在不同情境下的含义，从而得到正确答案为D。

观察备选项寻找突破口

要快速而准确地选择文章的标题，除了要了解文章大意之外，还可以通过观察备选项的特点来寻找解题的突破口。

一、标题概括性强

标题应该最大限度覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨大意。当我们从命题者的视角来看干扰项时，会发现干扰项往往有以下一些特点：

1.以偏概全。多表现为部分替代整体，从而导致范围太小，这是常用的干扰手段。以事实、细节替代文章的中心，常用原文中的句子结构或大部分词汇，只是在不起眼的地方换了几个词（甚至一个关键词）来造成句意的变化。这种命题手法具有极强的迷惑性。因此，辨别信息时一定要非常仔细，尤其是选项的结构和词汇与原文相关的结构和词汇相似时，更要注意其中是否有词汇被调换了。

2.过度概括。多表现为人为扩大范围，设置的错误选项包含了文章没有涉及的内容。辨别选项中的信息是正确的还是错误的，一定要琢磨选项的意思，不要因为时间紧不读完选项

的句子或粗粗一读，只凭对文章的大致印象，看到几个表面文字与文章中有关部分相同就下结论。也就是说，要注意选项的归纳分寸，不要被归纳过头的选项所迷惑，即文章的标题不能过度概括。

【中考真题2】（2015年镇江卷，保留原题号）It is believed in some ways that the daughter is father’s lover.But my experience has taught me in a different way. For a long time,my father has been a very vague figure(模糊的形象)to me.He was a man of few words,tall but slim and nothing else.

When I was in primary school,my father was never there to pick me up,and he never came to any of my parent－teacher meetings.He was always busy doing projects.I remember when I was in middle school and my head was badly hurt in a PE class.During my operation,my father was nowhere to be found.This hurt me most.At that moment,I considered my father as a cold－blooded man who did not care about me at all.

But things seemed different at my high school graduation ceremony,where I was chosen to represent my class and give a speech.My father,once again,told me he had a business trip in a place outside the city and would be unable to show up.“Don’t come.I will be very nervous if I see you.”I told him.

I remember my speech went smoothly.After the ceremony was over and I was about to leave,I suddenly noticed a familiar looking man sitting in a corner of the hall.It was my father！I was so surprised that I rushed to him with tears running down my face.“Well done.”He said.His eyes were also filled with tears.

Later,I found out that my father had managed to finish his work by staying up late,and he drove for eight hours to get back.He had been sitting in the corner because he didn’t want me to see him.My father remembered every word in my speech.

For much of my life,I described my father was a cold－blooded man who only cared about his work.But when I thought deeply about this,it was obviously not true.At my graduation ceremony,I could feel my father’s deep love.The fact is that seeing is not believing,and seeing may not be the fact if we don’t perceive(感知)the world with our hearts and minds.There’s no doubt that life doesn’t lack(缺少)love,but sometimes our eyes have trouble seeing it.

35.What’s the best title of the passage?

A.My busy fatherB.Life is full of love

C.Seeing is not believingD.A wonderful speech

解析：这是一篇记叙文。作者一开始对父亲的印象是冷血。他忙于工作，不参加家长会，甚至在作者做手术时都未露面。直至那次她参加一个毕业典礼的演讲，父亲安排好工作，驱车8个小时终于赶上该活动，他在后面默默地支持女儿。通过这些事情的回忆，作者发现父爱的无言和厚重。在了解文章大意后，再逐一分析备选项。选项A，只概括了父亲的工作之忙，很明显

属于以偏概全。选项D也只概括了文章的某一部分内容，可以排除。B项极具干扰性，很多考生可能因为文章中多次出现love一词而误选。认真分析后可知，该选项属于过度概括的情况，作者通过先抑后扬的手法，其实想告诉读者“眼见不一定为实”这个道理，所以C项为最佳答案。

二、标题醒目、独特

标题是文章的点睛之笔。读者对文章的阅读兴趣很大程度上取决于标题的好坏，所以标题要醒目，甚至独特，才能最大限度地吸引读者的注意力。

【中考真题3】（2014年徐州卷，保留原题号）Mary was waiting for the airplane to take off.She was happy to get a seat by herself.Just then,an air hostess came up to her and asked,“Would you mind changing your seat?A man would like to sit with his wife.”

Theonlyavailableseatwasnexttoagirlwithherarmsbroken,a black-and-blue face,and a sad expression.“I don’t want to sit there,”Mary thought immediately.But a soft voice spoke,“She needs help.”Finally,Mary moved to that seat.

The girl was named Emily.She had been in a car accident and now was on her way for treatment.

When the snack and juice arrived,Mary realized that Emily could not feed herself.Mary considered offering to feed her but hesitated(犹豫)，as it seemed too impolite to offer a service to a stranger.But then Mary realized that Emily’s need was more important.Mary offered to help her eat.Although Emily was uncomfortable to accept,she agreed.They became closer and closer in a short time.By the end of the five-hour trip,Mary’s heart had warmed,and the time was really better spent than if she had just sat by herself.

Mary was very glad that she had sat next to Emily and fed her.Love sometimes goes beyond human borders(边界)and removes the fears that keep people away.When we reach our hands to serve another,we grow to live in a larger and more rewarding world.

42.What is the best title for this passage?

A.Flying With StrangersB.Changing Seats

C.Learning To ForgiveD.Passing Your Love On

解析：解该题时，仔细分析选项就可以预测出正确答案。因为从内容上看无论是A项（和陌生人同行），B项（换座）还是C项（学会原谅）应该都属于D项（爱的传递）的范畴。同时，从文学的角度来看，标题要醒目、有内涵，D项也具备这个条件，所以D项最佳。

总之，同学们想要在阅读理解题中准确选择文章标题，就必须养成良好的阅读习惯。在日常的阅读过程中注意题材和体裁的广泛性，留意各种阅读材料的标题，分析作者选用该标题的目的和好处。在此基础上，通过专项训练来掌握科学的解题思路与技法，必将快速提升解题能力，从而决胜各类考试。

责任编辑：李丁文