辽宁 赵昌铁
“两招”搞定介词考点
辽宁 赵昌铁
介词概述:介词是虚词的一种,是十大词类之一,在句中不能作独立成分,往往需要和它后面的名词、动词、形容词或过去分词等构成短语、动词短语或比较固定的搭配,在句中作状语、后置定语、表语、补语等。介词的种类很多,含义也很丰富,需要考生掌握其要领,得乎其法即可攻破。
两招备考:要想在短时间内掌握介词的用法,并充分运用于学习和考试中,就需要同学们记住以下两招,从而实现“高效备考”。
在这一部分中,需要考生按照以下五种分类方式记忆考试中常考的介词,理解其在具体语境、试题中的考查,做到“心中有数,不乱阵脚”。
1. 表示“地点、方位”的介词:on(在……上面,表示毗邻或接壤);in(在……里面,范围之内的);under(在……下面);near(在……附近)等。
【高考链接】(2015·全国卷Ⅱ·短文改错)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
【解析】把on改为in。根据生活常识可知,这里表示“在商店的橱窗里摆放着一个玩具”,故应把on改为in。而介词on表示“在……上面”。
2. 表示“时间”的介词:in/at/on(在……时候);in/ after(在……之后);from/since(自从……)等。
【高考链接】(2015·全国卷Ⅱ·书面表达)If you are able to come with us,please let us know and wel’l wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.
【解析】本句为书面表达所给范文中的一句,该句中的“at the school gate”意为“在学校大门口”,“at 9”意为“在九点钟”。
3. 表示“方法、手段”的介词:by(以……方法、手段,或泛指乘坐某种交通工具);with(用……工具、手段,一般接具体的工具或手段);in(用……方式,用……语言、颜色、笔墨等)。
【高考链接】(2015·全国卷Ⅰ·语法填空)For those who fly to Guilin,it’s only an hour way_66_car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
【解析】by。从桂林乘车到这里仅用一个小时,by car意为“乘汽车”。
4. 表示“范围、根据”等其他意义的介词:on/ about(关于);except(除了……之外,不包括在内);besides(除了……之外,包括在内)
【经典试题】(2016·河北省石家庄市高三复习教学质量检测《二》·语法填空)Even if you can’t return to your sport right away,a doctor might have suggestions and advice_69_what you can do to stay fit.
【解析】on/ about。分析句意可知,这里指的是“做什么来保持健康的建议”,故应用介词on/about表示“关于”之意。
【经典试题】(2016·辽宁省抚顺市普通高中应届毕业生高考模拟试题·语法填空)_65_these,about 10% of air pollution is caused by other reasons.
【解析】Besides。由上下文语境可分析出,此处表示“除了这些之外,还有10%的空气污染是由其他原因导致的”。
5. 表示“运动方向”的介词:through(穿过,从物体内部穿过);across(横过,从物体表面通过)
【高考链接】(2015·福建卷·书面表达)We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.
【解析】本句为范文中的一句,其中介词through意为“通过”。
第二招:掌握介词(短语)与其他词类构成的搭配关系
结合近年来的高考真题和模拟题,笔者将从两个方面阐述本部分内容,即:从介词(短语)与其他词类的搭配关系角度梳理;常用的短语汇总小结。这样设置的目的是先体会高考考题,然后掌握常考的短语,从而达到灵活运用的功效。
(一)注意搭配关系
1.“动词+介词”
【高考链接】(2015·北京卷·完形填空)Over the next few days,they sent out invitations and prepared desserts __4__5_their guests.
A. to B. with
C. for D. from
【解析】C。“prepare...for...”为固定短语,意为“为……准备”,在这里指“他们为邻居们准备了一些甜点”。故选C项。
【高考链接】(2015·江苏卷·完形填空)It_46_ that among other things,he was an eighty-year-old writer.
A. came out
B. worked out
C. proved out
D. turned out
【解析】D。come out意为“出版,出现”;work out意为“锻炼,解决”;prove out意为“证明是合适的”;turn out意为“最后结果是”。根据下文中的“he was an eighty-year-old writer”可知,“我”跟这位病友不经意的交谈,结果发现他是一位八十岁的作家。D项符合语境。
【高考链接】(2015·安徽卷·完形填空)The result is that we_49_useful possessions to make room for new ones.
A. pick up
B. pay for
C. hold onto
D. throw away
【解析】D。pick up意为“捡起,(接)某人”;pay for意为“偿还,付款”;hold onto意为“坚持不懈,抓住”;throw away意为“扔掉”。根据空后的“make room for new ones”可知,此处指被广告说服的结果就是我们会扔掉一些还有用的物品来给新物品腾出空间。D项符合语境。
2.“介词+名词(短语)”
【高考链接】(2015·全国卷Ⅰ·短文改错)Unfortunately,on the development of industrialization,the envi-ronment has been polluted.
【解析】把on改为with。“with the development of”为固定短语,意为“随着……的发展”。
【高考链接】(2015·全国卷Ⅱ·语法填空)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day;__6__7_the same time,they warm up again for the night.
在女主人公的生活故事中,构成两性关系影响的男人有五位,他们是剑、李木、子墨、老师和“他”(抑或“金岳霖”)。这些男子分作两组,与女主人公形成两个“多角恋”关系。第一个多角恋即构成了“江山娇”叙述线。其恋情关系发生在江山娇与剑、李木和老师之间,时间在江山娇与李木结婚前。最终以江山娇与李木结婚而告结。第二个多角恋构成了“伊一”叙述线。其恋情关系在伊一与子墨、李木和“他”之间进行。这个恋情是无解的,乃至一直到伊一绝尘而去。
【解析】at。“at the same time”为固定搭配,意为“与此同时”。
【经典试题】(2016·福建省五校高中毕业班统一考试·完形填空)The 19-year-old,believed to be Britain’s first selfie addict,is now under special treatment_51_.
A. at home
B. in hospital
C. at school
D.at work
【解析】B。根据该句中的“under special treatment”和下文中的“to the doctors,in hospital,at a clinic”可推出,他正在医院接受特别的治疗。故选B项。
【经典试题】(2016·山西省高三下学期高考前质量检测·语法填空)Art usually appears_67_the form of diverse architecture,body decoration,clothing manufacture,and memorial sculptures.
3.“名词+介词”
【经典试题】(2016·河南省六市高三第一次联考·语法填空)Most schools offer different kinds_62_hobby classes.
【解析】of。“different kinds of”为固定搭配,意为“各种不同种类的”。
4.“形容词+介词”
【高考链接】(2015·湖南卷·语法填空)There is a lot more material available,which means you may be overwhelmed__53_the amount of information.
【解析】with。“be overwhelmed with”为固定短语,意为“对……不知所措”。
(二)常用的搭配组合
1.介词to的搭配
短 语汉语意思与名词常见搭配the solution to the problem问题的解决方法the key to the door门的钥匙the answer to the question问题的答案to the point切中要害,中肯to one’s taste合某人胃口to one’s surprise/ joy/ delight令人吃惊/高兴的是approach to sth.通往……的路,学习……的方法attitude to/towards对待……的态度dance to music伴着音乐跳舞the entrance to……的入口have/gain access to有……的机会介词t o与动词常见搭配devote...to...为……做贡献adjust...to...调节……以适应adapt...to...适应……attach...to...把……粘贴到……上owe...to...把……归功于……object to反对look forward to盼望pay attention to注意get down to开始认真做某事see to照料,注意owe sth. to sb.欠某人某物,把……归功于/归因于make contributions to为……做出贡献be(get)used to习惯于prefer...to...宁愿……而不belong to属于lead to通向,导致put an end to结束point to指着stick to坚持hold on to紧紧抓住,坚持look up to尊敬,尊重compared to与……相比be admitted to被录取,获准做某事live up to依照……行事,做到,不辜负apply to适用于,应用于attend to注意,照料,致力于appeal to有吸引力,呼吁,上诉respond to应答与形容词常见搭配be related to与……有关be sensitive to对……感到敏感be similar to与……相似be linked to与……有关be relevant to和……相关be important to对……很重要be beneficial to对……有益be superior to比……优越be equal to相等,等于……be familiar to对某人来说是熟悉的be blind to对……视而不见be addicted to沉溺于
2.介词in构成的常见短语
in common with与……有共同之处in face of面对……in time of在……的时候in danger of处于……危险中in defence of保卫,保护in need/want of需要……in short of缺……in favor of赞成,有利于in exchange for作为……的交换in memory of纪念……in honor of向……致敬in praise of歌颂,为颂扬……in charge of负责……in the charge of由……负责in possession of拥有……in the possession of为……所有,被某人占有in search of寻找,搜寻in touch with和……保持联系in preparation for为……做准备in place of代替,取代in the hope of怀着……的希望in the course of在……的过程中in the habit of有……的习惯in front of在……的前面in the form of以……的形式in the front of在……的前部in the name of以……的名义in relation to关于,涉及in regard to关于/至于……in return for作为……回报in terms of就……而言in harmony with与……协调
3.常用介词与形容词的搭配
be conscious of 意识到……be fond of喜爱be aware of意识到,知道be strict with sb. in sth.对某人某方面严格be worthy of值得,配得上be different from与……不同be absent from缺席be popular with受到……的欢迎be present at出席be tired of厌倦……be busy with忙于……be lost in迷失在……中be anxious about为……而忧虑be buried in沉思,专心于be ashamed of因……感到羞耻be absorbed in全神贯注于be familiar with熟悉
【小试牛刀】
一、单句语法填空,在空白处填入适当的介词1. To our disappointment,most companies are_______ favor of tradable pollution permits.
2. Famously known for his brief and short sentences,Hemingway created an interesting and unique style of writing that still appeals________readers today.
3. Usually,people often go_______four distinct phases: the honeymoon phase,the negotiation phase,the adjustment phase and the mastery phase.
4. When you are talking to someone by texting or messaging them,physical touch does not exist at all,which can limit the connection_______the people in the communication.
5. What most people are less aware of,however,are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have_______the environment.
二、单句改错6. I need a cell to keep in touch my friends and my family. 7. It was on Sunday so I didn’t have to go to school as usual.
8. She said that she had asked for a day off from work to look for me.
9. In the course of the conversation we mentioned to the teachers who had taught us at school.
10. After school,Frank was about to enter into his apartment when he saw a little dirty dog lying beside the dustbin.
【参考答案】1. in 2. to 3. through 4. between 5. on 6. 在touch和my之间加with 7. 去掉on 8.第二个for改为after 9. 去掉to 10. 去掉into
(作者单位:辽宁省铁岭市张庄学校)
“Siri, delete Mom from my contacts.”Siri,把妈妈从通讯录里删除吧。(母亲逝世)