安徽 王玉峰 (特级教师)
透过考题对比与变式突破非谓语动词易错点
安徽 王玉峰 (特级教师)
考情速递 非谓语动词包括动名词、分词和不定式三种形式,一直以来是高考英语的重要考点,其中在2015年的两套全国卷的语法填空题中,卷Ⅰ有2个小题,卷Ⅱ有3个小题,这与非谓语动词本身的特点有着密切的关系。非谓语动词本身具有动词、名词、形容词、副词的特点,有时甚至可转化为介词、连词等。在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语、状语等成分,可以与从句、并列句转换。对非谓语动词的考查热点有:非谓语动词的构成形式;非谓语动词的时态与语态;非谓语动词所作成分;非谓语动词作状语与独立主格结构;非谓语动词与句式;固定句型中的非谓语动词;省略结构中的非谓语动词。题型上主要有:单项选择、语法填空、短文改错、翻译填空、翻译和写作等。本文以全国卷中语法填空题的“用括号内单词的正确形式填空”为例,解读非谓语动词易错点。
Group 1
(1)_____(catch) the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. (改编自2015·北京卷·21)
(2)______(catch) the early flight,you can get to London to meet your boss on time.
(3)______(catch) in a shower of rain,we had to wait another day just to see our boss.
【参考答案】(1)To catch (2)Catching (3)Caught
【考点设置】①不定式与分词作状语的区别;②句子与短语的区别;③过去分词与现在分词的区别。
【思路点拨】题(1)中“提前叫出租车和早起”是为了“赶早班飞机”,所以是目的,非谓语动词中的不定式作目的状语。不定式主要作目的状语,置于句尾时通常与句子之间不用逗号隔开,但是置于句首时则常用逗号隔开。分词结构一般不作目的状语,主要表示方式、伴随、时间、原因、条件、假设等。题(2)和题(3)逗号后面是句子,但都没有连词连接,可确定用短语,题(2)中“可以准时到伦敦见老板”是“赶上早班机”的结果,“you”与“catch”之间是主谓关系,故用现在分词主动形式作条件状语;题(3)中“再等一天”是“被雨淋”的结果,通过短语“be caught in”可知,“we”与“catch”之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词表被动,作原因状语。
Group 2
(1)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 61 (build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers. (2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ,语法填空)
(2)Health care networks for women and children_____(build)in both urban and rural areas since 1949.
(3)No computer_____(build) so far can have the same ability as human beings.
(4)More highways,______(build)in China so far,make it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
【参考答案】(1)built (2)have been built (3)built(4)having been built/built
【考点设置】①分词作定语;②现在分词完成时;③谓语动词完成时与非谓语动词完成时的区别。
【思路点拨】现在分词的完成形式作状语,不作定语,但若被修饰词后有逗号,则可用having done作定语,过去分词可以作定语无此限制。题(3)虽然有完成时标志“so far”,但是由于是作定语则只能用built。题(4)因为有逗号,再考虑到“build”与被修饰词之间是动宾关系,则可以用现在分词完成时的被动形式或过去分词。题(1)根据谓语部分“are admired”可看出前面应用非谓语动词作定语,再考虑到“build”与被修饰词之间的被动关系,故确定用过去分词作定语。题(2)根据句子结构可看出要填的是谓语动词,再根据时间状语“since 1949”可知,应用现在完成时,“build”与“Health care networks”之间是动宾关系,应用被动语态。
Group 3
(1)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition”a house without 64 (use)electric equipment. (2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ,语法填空)
(2)When you enter a cinema,you often have to look about for your seat until your eyes get_____(use)to the darkness.
(3)They______(use) to live a traditional agricultural life,but their life style has greatly changed due to the changes in their living environment.
【参考答案】(1)using (2)used (3)used
【考点设置】①动名词作介词宾语;②分词作表语;③分词与谓语动词的区别;④be+过去分词+prep.。
【思路点拨】题(1)中介词后跟动名词作宾语,根据句子意思可看出表示的是事实情况,应用动名词一般时形式。动名词具有名词的特点,可以作动词或介词的宾语,也可以作主语。分词具有形容词和副词的特点,可以作定语、状语、表语、补足语,不可以作宾语或主语。题(2)根据句意可知空格处是“习惯于”的意思,短语“get used to”中的used是过去分词,相当于形容词,作表语。“be+过去分词+prep.”是一个重要考点,如:be addicted (accustomed, devoted, dedicated, exposed, admitted, related...) to,be satisfied (pleased,concerned,combined,connected...)with,be dressed(absorbed,involved,interested,lost...)in等。题(3)根据并列连词but可看出应用谓语动词,再根据前后句意可知,指的是过去的情况,used to是情态动词,句意是:过去他们大都以“刀耕火种”的方式为生,现在由于生活环境的改变,他们的生活方式也发生了变化。
Group 4
(1)A study of travelers 68 (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. (2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ,语法填空)
(2)Galileo is said______(conduct) his revolutionary experiments with falling objects from the leaning tower of Pisa,Italy.
【参考答案】(1)conducted (2)to have conducted
【考点设置】①不定式的时态;②不定式的固定结构;③过去分词作定语;④谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别。
【思路点拨】题(1)中的“names”是谓语动词,根据by可看出应用过去分词作定语。题(2)根据“is said”可看出是“be said to do”结构,可以与“It’s said that”转换,再根据后面意思可看出conduct的动作发生在say的动作之前,所以应用不定式完成时,句意是:伽利略曾在意大利的比萨斜塔上做过具有划时代意义的自由落体实验。有些动词的被动语态要求跟不定式作主语补足语,如:say,believe,expect,think,know,suggest,write,consider,report等。
Group 5
(1)It took years of work 65 (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014·全国新课标卷Ⅰ,语法填空)
(2)As you know,the government has difficulty ______(reduce) the industrial pollution and cleaning the water.
【参考答案】(1)to reduce (2)reducing
【考点设置】①固定句型中的不定式;②固定句型中的动名词。
【思路点拨】题(1)是句型“It takes sb. some time to do sth.”;题(2)是句型“have difficulty/trouble (in)doing sth.”。在固定句型中用不定式的有:There is no need for sb. to do sth.;用动名词的有:have a difficult/ hard/good/bad time(in)doing sth.,have difficulty/trouble/ a problem(in) doing sth.,spend/waste some time(in)doing sth.,prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.,keep/stop sb. from doing sth.,It’s no use doing sth./There be+n.+v.-ing(有……正在做某事)等。
Group 6
(1)Keep 64 (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility. (2014·辽宁卷,语法填空)
(2)_____(hold)your position for a while,you will find it helps develop your strength and flexibility.
(3)Your position_____(hold) for a while,you will find it helps develop your strength and flexibility.
【参考答案】(1)holding (2)Holding (3)having been held/held
【考点设置】①独立主格结构;②动名词作宾语;③非谓语动词与谓语动词的区别。
【思路点拨】题(1)keep后跟动名词作宾语。题(2)中的主语是“you”,与“hold”之间是主谓关系,应用现在分词作状语。题(3)中句子没有连词,根据空格前面的名词可看出是独立主格结构作条件状语,“hold your position”的动作发生在“find”的动作之前,而且“hold”与“position”之间是动宾关系,所以应用现在分词完成时的被动语态或过去分词。
Group 7
(1)All the staff in our company are______(consider) going to the city centre for the fashion show. (改编自2007·上海春招卷,33)
(2)What a pity._____(consider) his ability and experience,he might have done better. (改编自2008·江西卷,26)
(3)It is worth_____(consider) what makes “convenience” foods so popular,and introducing better ones of your own. (改编自2008·北京卷,35)
(4)_____(consider) to be one of the most devoted scientists,Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize on October 5,2015.
(5)_____(consider) everything,Tu Youyou is well worth winning the Nobel Prize on October 5,2015.
【参考答案】(1)considering (2)Considering(3)considering (4)Considered (5)Considering
【考点设置】①只跟动名词作宾语的及物动词;②固定句型中的动名词;③逻辑主语不与句子主语一致的分词;④分词作状语。
【思路点拨】题(1)中的“consider”后跟动名词作宾语,其前面有一个be动词,且跟主语之间是主谓关系,所以应用进行时。题(2)的空格处填Considering,是介词,意思是“鉴于……”,句意为:多可惜!鉴于他的能力和经验,他可能会做得更好。以分词或不定式作状语不要求逻辑主语一致的有:adv.+speaking,judging from(by),including,given,according to,supposing,provided,providing,seeing that(因为),admitting that(尽管)等。题(3)中的“be worth”后跟动名词,不能用不定式,其中动名词主动形式表示被动意义。再如need doing=need to be done。题(4)中consider的意思是“认为”,与句子主语“Chinese scientist Tu Youyou”之间是动宾关系,所以应用过去分词作原因状语。forbid,consider(考虑),allow后跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语补足语。题(5)中considering everything= taking everything into consideration,意思是“总的说来”,其中considering的用法同题(2),也可以用独立主格结构“everything considered”。
Group 8
(1)I remembered_____(lock)the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.(改编自2012·安徽卷,24)
(2)Please remember______(lock) the door before you leave the office,or someone will enter the office without permission.
(3)Please stop_____(lock) the door. Otherwise your purse would be stolen.
(4)Please stop_____(lock) the door. I forgot to carry my purse,which is lying on the tea table.
【参考答案】(1)locking/having locked (2)to lock(3)to lock (4)locking
【考点设置】①remember后跟动名词和不定式作宾语的意义不同;②stop后跟不定式与动名词的意义不同。
【思路点拨】题(1)根据转折词but可看出“门锁上了”,remember后跟动名词作宾语,表示“记得做过某事”,跟不定式作宾语表示“记得要做某事”,如题(2)。类似用法的词还有:forget,regret,mean,can’t help等,虽然这样的及物动词接宾语既可以是不定式,也可以是动名词,但是意义明显不同。题(3)根据otherwise后面的虚拟语气可看出是建议停下正在做的事情,以便锁上门,用“stop to do sth.”结构,不定式作目的状语。题(4)根据“东西忘在茶几上”可看出是要求“不要锁门”,用“stop doing”结构。
Group 9
(1)______(work) for two days,Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. (改编自2015·天津卷,8)
(2)______(work) out the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times. (改编自2014·陕西卷,20)
(3)What we expect from you is_____(work) hard rather than hardly working. (改编自2014·安徽卷,31)
(4)I______(work) on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers swam before my eyes. (改编自2012·全国卷一,33)
(5)I can’t stand______(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses to stop talking while she works. (改编自2006·北京卷,35)
(6)The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third were used regularly. Now we have 60_____(work) all day long. (改编自2006·浙江卷,7)
(7)Although the______(work) mother is very busy,she still devotes a lot of time to her children. (改编自2000·上海卷,53)
(8)You must keep on______(work) in the evening,unless you are sure you can finish the task in time. (改编自2005·安徽卷,22)
【参考答案】(1) Having worked (2)To work(3)working (4)had been working (5)working(6)working (7)working (8)working
【考点设置】①只跟动名词作宾语的及物动词或动词短语;②现在分词作定语;③动名词作表语;④现在分词完成时;⑤使役动词have后跟非谓语动词作宾语补足语;⑥谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别;⑦分词的时态;⑧分词与不定式作状语的区别。
【思路点拨】题(1)中的“managed to finish”表明已经完成,因此work的动作应该在其之前完成,再根据“for two days”可知应用完成时,“Steve”与“work”之间是主谓关系,应用现在分词的完成时作状语。题(2)由“consulted Professor Russell”可看出表示的是目的,不定式作目的状语。题(3)中的“rather than”连接的是对等成分,再由“hardly working”可推出应用动名词作表语。题(4)从“for the whole afternoon”可知,整个下午都在做数学,从后面句子的谓语动词是过去式可知应用过去完成进行时。题(5)中的stand表示“忍受”,后跟动名词作宾语。只跟动名词作宾语的及物动词还有understand,enjoy,finish,tolerate,bear,delay,suggest,pardon,risk,deny,excuse,mention,practise,admit,imagine,insist on,give up,put off,can’t help等。题(6)中的have是使役动词,“all day long”表示“一整天都在工作”,用“have sb. doing sth.”结构。题(7)中的work是不及物动词,此处用其现在分词形式作定语,意思是“职业女性、职业母亲”。题(8)中的keep on后跟动名词作宾语。
(作者单位:安徽省蚌埠市怀远第一中学)