汪春付,孙永涛
(第四军医大学附属唐都医院传染科,陕西 西安 710038)
艾滋病功能性治愈的研究现状与挑战
汪春付,孙永涛
(第四军医大学附属唐都医院传染科,陕西 西安 710038)
“柏林患者”的报道,使功能性治愈迅速成为艾滋病研究热点和治疗新目标。然而HIV潜伏在病毒储存库中,HAART无法彻底清除病毒,治愈艾滋病仍困难重重。随着人们对HIV 潜伏机制的了解,针对病毒储存库的研究逐渐深入,部分已从基础研究走向临床试验,从而离艾滋病功能性治愈的目标更近一步。
艾滋病;功能性治愈;研究进展
高效抗反转录病毒治疗(Highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)可有效抑制人免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)复制,极大改善了艾滋病患者预后,使艾滋病成为一种可控制的慢性病毒感染性疾病[1]。HIV在人体中可与宿主基因整合,潜伏在细胞及组织器官中[2~4],形成病毒储存库。HAART仅能抑制病毒复制而无法清除病毒储存库[5],停药后病毒储存库中潜伏的病毒可重新激活[6]。“柏林患者”治疗成功为治愈艾滋病提供了思路[7],针对HIV储存库的研究迅速成为热点,也使功能性治愈,即既能有效控制HIV感染者体内病毒,又可维持CD4+T淋巴细胞的数量和功能,成为治疗艾滋病的新目标[8]。目前可能实现艾滋病功能性治愈的方法和挑战包括:
HAART可有效控制HIV复制,减少病毒对人体免疫系统的侵犯。早期治疗不仅可更好维持患者机体免疫功能,也可减少体内病毒储存库大小,使停药后获得更长的病毒控制期[9]。急性期启动抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中,15%的患者在停药后HIV-RNA仍控制在检测线以下,这一比例高于“精英控制者”在普通人群中比例[10]。为更有效降低HIV-RNA和细胞内HIV-DNA,有学者尝试在原有三联抗病毒治疗基础上加用另外一类抗病毒药物。Pere Z[22]报道HAART联合CCR5拮抗剂马拉维诺的强化治疗可以减少记忆性T淋巴细胞潜伏病毒库大小。然而早期启动HAART后一旦中断,绝大多数患者仍将出现病毒反弹[11]。“密西西比婴儿”[12]功能性治愈的失败使人们重新审视早期治疗对治愈艾滋病的重要性。因人体血脑屏障等生理结构的原因,绝大多数抗病毒药物难以到达中枢神经系统,强化治疗未能显著降低消化道HIV-DNA[13]和脑脊液HIV-RNA[14]。强化治疗对持续低病毒血症患者及其病毒储存库的影响与常规HAART方案亦无明显差异[15]。因此,早期治疗或强化治疗单一方案可能有助于但尚无法实现艾滋病功能性治愈。
潜伏的HIV感染细胞不表达病毒抗原,机体免疫系统无法识别并清除。采用药物激活潜伏HIV感染细胞,从而使自身免疫系统识别并清除,即“kick and kill”策略,是目前艾滋病功能性治愈研究重点。
白细胞介素7(Interleukin7,IL-7)可通过JAK-STAT通路激活HIV潜伏感染的静息CD4细胞,增强T淋巴细胞免疫应答。在HAART治疗基础上,间断使用IL-7可使患者受益[16,17]。但体外实验证实其可增加感染细胞的病毒复制,且对HIV储存库大小无明显影响[18,19]。激活蛋白激酶C可通过NF-kB通道促进静息T淋巴细胞激活和HIV转录。体外试验证实酪氨酸激酶抑制剂prostratin[20]及其类似物[21]、苔藓抑素[22]及其类似物-bryologs[23],可增强PKC亲合力,诱导HIV潜伏感染模型细胞株病毒复制,激活静息CD4+T淋巴细胞产生HIV- RNA。但上述化合物部分合成较困难,在临床应用中的不良反应及安全性问题有待进一步人体试验验证。尚有报道[24]TLR受体配体或激动剂利用CpG DNA介导的信号转导通路诱导NF-kB活化进而激活病毒库。
HDACi可以改变组蛋白乙酰化状态,从而激活病毒库,增强基因转录水平[25]。HDACi包括选择性HDACi和非选择性HDACi,前者如西达本胺、罗米地辛、恩替诺特等,后者包括丙戊酸、伏立诺他、帕比司他等。丙戊酸最早用于HIV病毒库研究,有小样本研究显示,丙戊酸联合强化HAART能促进HIV感染者静息CD4细胞的病毒清除,但随后的进一步研究显示,丙戊酸对减少潜伏感染病毒库水平的作用不明确[26,27]。体外试验证实伏立诺他能增加HIV转录,人体实验也发现其可激活潜伏的HIV感染细胞[28,29],然而Shan[30]认为被激活的静息CD4细胞并未被免疫清除。罗米地辛能激活储存库,并可在血浆中检测出HIV-RNA[31]。西达本胺和帕比司他较伏立诺他有更强的病毒库激活作用[32],目前均已进入临床试验阶段,以进一步评估其安全性及有效性。甲基化转移酶抑制剂可逆转DNA的甲基化过程,体外试验[33,34]证实地西他滨、毛壳素等甲基化转移酶抑制剂也可激活潜伏感染细胞。近期,有研究认为戒酒硫[35]可能通过Akt信号通过的激活,促进HIV转录,并能在血浆中一过性检测出HIV-RNA,但对病毒储存库大小无明显影响。Smac类似物-LCL162[36]也可通过抑制BIRC2和相关分子激活病毒库。
特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic lymphocyte,CTL)反应与病毒库水平呈成负相关,精英控制者能控制病毒库产生的新病毒即依赖体内存在足够数量的特异性效应性T细胞,清除部分表达病毒蛋白的静息CD4细胞,其清除程度与体内病毒库大小相关[37~40]。药物激活体内CTL或体外激活特异性CTL后回输患者体内均可增强体内特异性CTL反应,从而更有效清除HIV感染细胞。新的嵌合抗原受体T细胞技术[41]通过基因改造,使HIV特异性CTL反应性增强,并可持久的靶向清除表达HIV抗原的细胞,为清除激活的储存库提供新思路。此外,HIV中和抗体3BNC117不仅在动物实验中可有效抑制病毒复制,在人体试验中也得到进一步证实[42],也有望用于清除HIV感染细胞。艾滋病预防性疫苗是健康人群抵抗HIV的希望,然而多个临床试验结果并不理想。
“柏林患者”的治疗成功在于患者移植了携带趋化因子受体5(chemokine receptor type 5,CCR5)突变的纯合子基因(CCR5△32/△32)供体的造血干细胞[7]。移植后其造血系统产生的CD4+T淋巴细胞携带缺陷的CCR5,从而使HIV无法感染靶细胞。然而携带CCR5纯合子基因的人群极少,能配型成功并进行移植的机会极小,且造血干细胞移植也存在很大风险,临床操作性低。通过锌指核酸酶技术[43,44]或类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶技术[45]敲除CCR5基因、阻滞CCR5表达或者使用基因修饰的方法减少CCR5表达,从而间接阻止HIV复制,达到类似CCR5纯合子基因(CCR5△32/△32)的作用[46]。近年来,CRISPR/Cas9技术[47]不仅可用于敲除改变CCR5或CXCR4基因,使HIV无法进入CD4+T细胞,尚可在细胞内监控HIV感染,成为艾滋病功能性治愈有前景的方法之一,目前已进入临床试验阶段。
艾滋病进展和CD4+T淋巴细胞密切相关。CD4+T淋巴细胞的减少与其凋亡有关,然而绝大部分的静息CD4细胞因细胞焦亡程序导致“旁观者细胞”大量减少[48,49]。VX-765[50]可以通过阻断半胱氨酸天冬氨酸酶从而阻止细胞焦亡的发生,从而使CD4细胞数目保持稳定,维持机体正常细胞免疫功能,可用于艾滋病功能性治愈研究。人类内源性反转录病毒(HERV)占人类基因约8%[51],绝大多数HERVs均为沉默基因[52]。CRISPR/Cas9技术也可使HIV基因表达沉默,不产生新的病毒,可能在将来成为HIV治疗的一种新方法。
总之,清除病毒储存库是艾滋病功能性治愈的主要问题。上述的各种方法多处于实验阶段,为艾滋病功能性治愈研究提供了方向,但目前尚无单一有效的方法可完全激活并清除HIV储存库。HAART基础上,不同机制病毒库激活剂联合或病毒库激活剂联合免疫治疗等可能是治愈艾滋病的出路。随着技术的发展,尤其是基因编辑技术的运用,有希望为艾滋病治愈带来曙光。
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Research progress and challenges on functional cure of AIDS
WANG Chun-fu,SUN Yong-tao
(Department of Infectious Diseases,TangDu Hospital,The Fourth Military Medical University,Xi′an 710038,China)
SUNYong-tao
After the "Berlin patient" being reported,functional cure attracts more and more attentions and becomes the new therapeutic goal of AIDS.However,since the establishment of virus latent state in HIV reservoirs it is hard to cure and eradicate HIV with antiretroviral reagents.The more understand the HIV latent state,the more depths of research on HIV reservoirs are developed gradually.Some studies have taken a step from basic research to clinical trials.It seems to be close to functional cure for AIDS.
AIDS;Functional cure;Research review
孙永涛,男,博士,主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师,国家疾病预防控制专家委员会委员,中国医师协会感染病医师分会常委,全军感染病专业技术委员会副主任委员,中央军委保健专家,纽约大学医学院客座教授,陕西省肝病学会和感染病学会副主任委员。主要研究方向:艾滋病功能性治愈基础与临床研究。
R512.91
A
1672-6170(2016)02-0014-04
2016-01-06)