伍财亮,杨永秀
·综述·
S100A8、S100A9在卵巢癌中的研究进展
伍财亮,杨永秀△
由位于表皮分化簇基因编码的S100蛋白属小分子钙结合蛋白,是正常表皮分化所必需的,表达具有种属特异性,只在脊椎动物中表达。S100A8、S100A9为S100蛋白家族成员,两者在体内可形成二聚体或异二聚体发挥作用,参与多种细胞功能调节。S100A8和S100A9可诱导白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-17、IL-6等多种炎症因子的表达,与炎症的发生、发展密切相关。另外,S100A8和S100A9可通过Wnt信号通路、晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)和Akt1/Smad5-ID3-p21信号通路,影响细胞的增殖、凋亡和侵袭迁移能力,在肿瘤的发生、发展中发挥重要作用,并通过活化细胞外调节蛋白1/2(ERK1/2)和p70核糖体蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K),在肿瘤耐药中也发挥着不容忽视的作用。对S100A8、S100A9及其在卵巢癌中的研究进展进行综述。
钙粒蛋白A;钙粒蛋白B;钙结合蛋白质类;卵巢肿瘤
S100蛋白最早由Moore[1]在脑组织中发现,由于可溶于100%的硫酸铵溶液,故命名为“S100蛋白”。研究发现该蛋白为脊椎动物特异表达,并表现出细胞特异的表达模式。S100蛋白在髓系细胞中大量表达,是一种含有保守EF手型结构的钙离子结合蛋白,目前已知蛋白种类超过20多种,分别表达于不同组织、细胞中[2]。S100蛋白作为细胞内调节因子通过与酶、细胞骨架亚基、转录因子和核酸等相互作用,调节自身生物学功能,如参与调节蛋白磷酸化、细胞增殖、分化以及钙离子稳态等,也可通过自分泌或旁分泌作为细胞外信号蛋白与靶细胞表面G蛋白偶联受体、晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)等受体相互作用,参与调节炎症反应、细胞增殖和凋亡等。
S100A8和S100A9是S100蛋白家族中的两个重要成员,由1号染色体编码[3],两者在体内可通过形成同源二聚体或异二聚体发挥作用[4]。早期研究发现S100A8、S100A9只表达于髓源性细胞,如中性粒细胞及活化的巨噬细胞[5],并且与炎症发生密切相关,在皮肤慢性炎症扁平苔癣的表皮及真皮组织中的表达高于正常皮肤组织[6]。此外,由骨髓来源的抑制性细胞分泌的S100A8、S100A9,可作为趋化因子促进炎症发展[7]。外源性S100A8和S100A9蛋白也可通过诱导炎性因子[白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-17、IL-6等]表达[6,8],在炎症反应中发挥重要作用。
S100A8和S100A9不仅在炎症反应中发挥作用,越来越多的研究表明,两者在肿瘤的发生、发展中也起着关键作用。有研究发现,在结直肠癌、甲状腺癌和口腔癌患者中,癌组织内S100A8和(或)S100A9的转录和翻译水平均高于正常组织[9-11],并且与肿瘤分化相关,表现为肿瘤分化程度越低,肿瘤组织中的表达含量越高[9,12]。另外,体外研究发现,S100蛋白对肿瘤有促进作用[12-13],其促进作用与S100蛋白浓度有关,浓度为10 μg/mL、20 μg/mL时可促进结直肠癌细胞、肝癌细胞的增殖,但当浓度增加至40 μg/mL、80 μg/mL及120 μg/mL时,其促进效应消失。同时也有学者通过生物工程,使S100A9在口腔癌细胞中过表达,研究内源性S100蛋白对肿瘤细胞的影响,发现与对照组比较,S100A9过度表达细胞的增殖、侵袭与迁移能力均增强[10]。另外有研究发现S100蛋白还可保护肿瘤细胞免于凋亡[14]。探讨S100蛋白调节肿瘤增殖所涉及的分子机制发现,S100A8可通过Akt1和Smad5(sekelsky mothers against dpp5)活化分化抑制蛋白3(ID3),从而抑制p21的表达,进而干扰细胞周期,并促进细胞增殖[11];而在肿瘤转移方面,S100A8可通过诱导经典Wnt通路的活化[15],影响其下游的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)的表达[16];有研究发现在结肠肿瘤细胞中,S100A8/S100A9异二聚体可通过与靶细胞表面RAGE相互作用,活化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路,增强下游基因(如Cxcl1、Ccl5、Ccl7、Slc39a10、Lcn2、Zc3h12a和Enpp2等)的表达,而这些基因的表达与白细胞募集、血管生成、肿瘤转移等有关[17]。由此可见,在肿瘤发展过程中,S100蛋白作为上游分子,通过调节下游基因的表达,促进肿瘤生长、转移。但最新研究发现,S100A9可通过促进细胞甲基化[18],抑制细胞增殖,并促进凋亡效应,起到抑癌作用。综上,无论是促进或是抑制肿瘤发展,都为S100A8和S100A9作为肿瘤新的治疗靶点提供了理论基础。
化疗是肿瘤手术前后的主要治疗手段之一,然而肿瘤耐药仍是亟待解决的问题。在肿瘤细胞水平,有多种不同通路导致耐药,如影响药物的吸收和加快药物在细胞内代谢等。S100蛋白在肿瘤耐药中发挥着重要作用。有研究发现,S100P亚类蛋白的低量表达可增加卵巢癌细胞系对紫杉醇的耐药性[19];S100A4蛋白的过表达可增加癌细胞系对甲氨蝶呤的耐药性[20]。S100A8和S100A9也与细胞耐药息息相关,有学者发现,在乳腺癌中癌细胞表达的CXC趋化因子配体1/2(CXCL1/2)可诱导CD11b+Gr1+细胞聚集,导致肿瘤组织局部微环境中S100A8和S100A9含量增加,而S100A8和S100A9可活化细胞外调节蛋白1/2(ERK1/2)和p70核糖体蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K),继而使肿瘤细胞对化疗药物耐受[21]。另外,有学者指出,细胞自噬可维持肿瘤组织中干细胞的数量,并且维持其干性,保护肿瘤细胞免于凋亡以及对化疗药物产生抵抗[22]。越来越多的研究指出S100蛋白与细胞自噬关系密切,如Ghavami等[23]和Wang等[24]发现S100A8和S100A9可通过氧自由基将溶酶体与线粒体在功能上串连起来,从而诱导细胞自噬;抑制S100A8的表达,可减少细胞自噬的发生[24],并可增加白血病细胞对化疗药物的敏感性[25]。
卵巢癌的发病率在妇科肿瘤中排第3位,然而病死率无论是在发展中国家还是发达国家都居高不下。我国2015年癌症数据分析提示,我国卵巢癌新发病例达5.21万,死亡病例达2.25万[26]。对比美国癌症数据,预测2016年美国卵巢癌新发病例达2.2万余例,死亡病例达1.4万余例[27]。这与缺乏早期筛查手段及有效治疗措施密切相关。卵巢癌的生存率与肿瘤分期有关,分期越高,生存率越低[28]。因此,卵巢癌早期诊断尤为重要。
肿瘤的发生受多方面因素的影响,炎症在肿瘤中的作用日益受到关注。有研究指出,长期未控制的炎症可导致免疫反应紊乱,从而使体内细胞微环境改变,这可促进癌基因活化以及对细胞周期蛋白、DNA修复蛋白和凋亡蛋白的转录后修饰[29]。目前已知溃疡性结肠炎、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎和女性生殖道高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染都与相应的肿瘤发生相关。而在卵巢癌中,如子宫内膜异位症等一些炎性疾病,可增加其发生风险[30]。如前所述,S100A8、S100A9蛋白在炎症与肿瘤的发生过程中发挥着重要作用。已有不少学者对S100蛋白在卵巢癌中的作用展开研究,发现S100A4蛋白的上调可增加在体与离体卵巢癌细胞的侵袭性[31],而这种上调与卵巢癌细胞系S100A4基因第1个内含子中的CpG位点的低甲基化和低氧刺激有关;此外,干扰卵巢癌细胞S100A11的表达,除了抑制癌细胞的侵袭性外,还抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和锚定非依赖生长[32]。然而对S100A8、S100A9在卵巢癌中所起的作用研究有限,如在对禽类自发性卵巢癌组织、血清进行蛋白质组学研究时发现,在早、晚期卵巢癌中有超过300个蛋白的表达量较正常组织高2倍以上,其中包括在人体中也表达的S100A6、S100A9、S100A11等[33]。此外,在卵巢癌患者的血清、卵巢囊泡液以及腹水中也均能检测到S100A8、S100A9蛋白表达[34-36],且Ⅱ期患者表达量较正常升高2~12倍,而Ⅰ、Ⅲ期患者表达量与正常无差异[34]。鉴于此,有学者将卵巢囊泡液内S100A8、S100A9表达量用于鉴别交界性卵巢肿瘤、卵巢癌与良性卵巢肿瘤,发现其敏感度分别为28.6%、63.3%,特异度分别为95%、74.8%[35]。由此可见,卵巢肿瘤患者体内S100蛋白表达增加,并与肿瘤分期有关,但目前尚无研究证明S100A8和(或)S100A9蛋白对卵巢癌的直接作用。只在有限的基础实验中发现,卵巢癌细胞系(SNU-840)并不表达S100A9,且不能将外源性的S100A9蛋白内化,在给予外源性S100A9治疗时,对该卵巢癌细胞增殖并无明显的促进与抑制作用[18]。
卵巢癌的早期诊断可明显改善预后,然而目前缺乏有效的卵巢癌筛查方法。如前所述,在使用S100A8和S100A9鉴别卵巢良恶性肿瘤时,其精确性尚可,虽缺乏大样本研究支持,但仍可作为潜在有效的早期筛查手段之一。此外,虽然不断有新的研究证明S100A8、S100A9蛋白在肿瘤发生中发挥作用,但在卵巢癌领域尚未涉及,将来可通过研究外源性不同浓度梯度及内源性不同表达水平的S100A8、S100A9蛋白对卵巢癌细胞的生物学特性的影响,探索S100A8、S100A9蛋白作为卵巢癌治疗的新靶点的可能。
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Research Progress of S100A8 and S100A9 Proteins in Ovarian Neoplasms
WU Cai-liang,YANG Yong-xiu.The First Medicine School of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China(WU Cai-liang);Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,The First Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China(YANG Yong-xiu)
YANG Yong-xiu,E-mail:yongxiuyang@163.com
S100 proteins are small calcium binding proteins,which encoded by genes located in the epidermal differentiation complex,and they are expressed exclusively in vertebrates and are indispensable for normal epidermal differentiation.S100A8 and S100A9 proteins belong to S100 proteins family,which act as homodimers and heterodimers in regulating many cellular functions.S100A8 and S100A9 were associated with inflammatory by inducing the expression of cytokines,such as IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-17,IL-6.Meanwhile,many researchers discovered both of them are connected with development of tumors by acting with Wnt signaling pathway,RAGE and Akt1/Smad5-ID 3-p21 signaling to impact on proliferation,apoptosis and invasiveness.Besides,S100A8 and S100A9 act as regulator of tumor drug resistance by activating ERK1/2 and p70S6K.Herein,we review the progress of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins in ovarian neoplasms.
Calgranulin A;Calgranulin B;Calcium-binding proteins;Ovarian neoplasms(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2016,43:669-672)
2016-05-17)
[本文编辑王昕]
730000兰州大学第一临床医学院(伍财亮);兰州大学第一医院妇产科(杨永秀)
杨永秀,E-mail:yongxiuyang@163.com
△审校者