当代藏族汉语文学转型：发现与探索——评朱霞《当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景》

马传江（梁山现代高级中学山东济宁272600）



当代藏族汉语文学转型：发现与探索——评朱霞《当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景》

马传江
（梁山现代高级中学山东济宁272600）

朱霞是当下藏族汉语文学界极为活跃的批评者之一，她直面当代藏族汉语世界里错综繁复的文学图景，归类、整理、剖析、抽象，在这里她找到了自己的学术坐标，并绘制了具有个人风格标记的学术地图。由陕西师范大学出版总社出版的《当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景》，作为她所主持的教育部人文社科项目的最终成果，展现了这幅学术地图的一个侧面。

一、发现转型：在问题意识的驱动下

问题意识是一个学者安身立命的根基，它能“反映出人类的自省意识和接纳胸怀，传达出人文学者的种种自觉追求。”[1]对于《当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景》来说，问题意识正是它的一个鲜明特点。

在当代藏族汉语文学的林林总总纷繁复杂里，朱霞以敏锐的目光发现了“转型”的意义与价值。

围绕“当代藏族汉语文学的转型是如何完成的？”这一核心问题，她设置了一系列的问题域：如何界定当代藏族汉语文学？当代藏族汉语文学转型的步调怎样？转型与作家的主体身份有何关系？转型的文化背景是怎么样的？藏族汉语文学转型在审美上是怎么体现的？在这一转型过程中涌现出来的作家作品都有哪些，如何看待这些作家作品？

对这些问题的回答，构成了《当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景》的整体框架。

全书共分八章，第一二章首先从理论上廓清了“当代藏族汉语文学”的内涵与外延，进而梳理当代藏族汉语文学的发展状况，描述当代藏族汉语文学在多元文化背景下业已发生和正在发生的转型。第三章讨论了决定当代藏族汉语文学风貌的重要原因：当代藏族汉语作家的写作姿态。第四章以第三章为逻辑起点，以具体作家为切入点，从宏大叙事、小叙事，到魔幻叙事再到原生态写作，从小说、报告文学到诗歌等描述了藏族汉语作家的多元化审美追求。第五章从叙事角度观照藏族汉语文学，研究其“单边叙事”特征，以及“单边叙事”在两代作家作品中的体现，分析了藏族汉语文学单边叙事的利与弊。第六章从文化视野与文化安全的宏观视域考察当代藏族汉语文学。第七八章分别为当代藏族汉语文学的文学批评研究与作家作品研究。

这本书的一个重要价值，就在于朱霞置身藏族汉语文学的现场，以问题的方式辨识它的来路，然后打开它的地图洞幽察微，预见它可能的去向。

然而，朱霞何以有这种问题意识？

我们以为，这是她作为一个藏族汉语文学研究者，直面当代藏族汉语文学在转型过程中芜杂而庞乱的经验，从边缘与中心、自我与他者、民族与现代等多个视角主动思考、深入析理的结果。在这样的积极思考之下，她的问题意识就从被悬置的高空落下，附着在“转型”之上，并由此衍生了一系列的子问题。

如此一来，她由表及里，从具体到抽象，给当代藏族汉语文学描绘出了一个清晰可辨的脉络，并以细致严密的论证完成了一次独特的学术行旅。

二、“外部”与“内部”：弥合的努力

我们有必要着重提一下朱霞所提出的“当代藏族汉语文学的三次转型”。

她认为，自20世纪50年代西藏和平解放以来，随着当代藏族汉语文学的文化背景的变迁，当代藏族汉语文学业已发生三次转型。第一次转型发生在西藏和平解放到1980年代中期，这一次转型以政治启蒙为旨归，“我们把这种转型姑且名之为政治或意识形态启蒙。西藏和平解放时期，正值新中国建立不久，社会主义意识形态和新政权的当务之急是对全国各民族民众进行社会主义启蒙。”[2](P45)第二次转型发生在20世纪80中期后，它以文学启蒙为旨归，伴随着文学自主意识的觉醒。“这是一次从政治启蒙到文学启蒙的转型。这次转型主要表现在文学根本观念的转型，意味着藏族汉语书写者以一种新的眼光来重新认识文学，以新的范型来重新审视以往时代的文学矿藏，表现出不同于藏民族传统文学和十七年文学的审美价值观念和深远浑厚的民族精神。”[2](P51-52)第三次转型是一次正在进行中的转型，它从20世纪90年代初开始露出端倪，它将文化启蒙作为其旨归。在这一时期，“藏族汉语作家在其文学创作中既发扬光大藏族的族性文化精神，……同时也积极汲取其他民族的文化精神和时代的文化思潮，借鉴国外作家的经验，将本民族的历史与现实、神话与宗教、民族和风情等族性文化和谐地调配在一起。藏族汉语文学正通过文学实现对本民族成员的文化启蒙。”[2](P57)

著名文学理论家希利斯·米勒在论及西方文学时说，“阶段名称的问题完完全全是个形而上学的问题，因为阶段划分涉及整个由假想构成的网络，包括关于开始、因果、结局以及构成西方形而上学结构基础的种种设想……”[3](P68)朱霞对于转型的划分，综合考量了政治意识形态、历史节点与当代藏族汉语文学自身发展的内在逻辑——这种逻辑主要依据此一阶段与彼一阶段文学叙事的美学裂变。正如她在之后论及当代藏族汉语文学的审美追求时所说，“当代藏族汉语文学从一个以集体为单位，讲述革命与成长的时代，缓缓步入了以个人为单位讲述个体生存处境与生活体验，并在这种个人经验中容纳对集体、国家的切身感受的时代。”[2](P83)

由政治启蒙而文学启蒙，由文学启蒙而文化启蒙，她对转型的划分，照顾到政治意识形态，文学审美以及文化因素的综合影响，体现了融合文学“外部研究”与“内部研究”的努力。

说起文学的“外部研究”和“内部研究”，二者之间的隔阂不可谓不久。这一对由韦勒克提出，原本指涉“经验事实”与“语言结构”的范畴，经过理论的旅行之后，业已发生了微妙的变化，现在我们所说的“内部研究”主要关注“文本的语言技巧、文学修辞，挖掘文学作品的审美内涵，提炼文学的形式意义。”[4]而外部研究则注重文本中隐藏的意识形态，注重其与社会、历史、文化的联系。如果说，内部研究与外部研究之间一直有裂隙甚至对立存在，那么，朱霞在《当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景》里，则试图弥合二者。

拿对尼玛潘多的分析来说，既有内部意义上的研究——在“乡村小说：唱给青藏高原的朴素情歌”这一节里，朱霞详细讨论了尼玛潘多的美学风格：乡村代言形态、叙述干预的祛除、“乡下人进城”的叙述结构——又有站在转型社会的历史角度以及女性写作的文化角度对外部世界的关照。

尤应说明的是，这种融合不是生硬的、隔膜的、一分为二的，而是有机的、渗透的、合二为一的，她对全书的结构设置即体现了这一点。就在她从一个具体而微的角度切入当代藏族汉语文学这个宏阔而广袤的疆域时，她就准备好了外部与内部这两个视角，两副武装。

三、小说性：对一种文体的征用

正如西北大学博士生导师段建军教授在给这本书所写的序里所说，朱霞“对当代藏族汉语文学的追踪与描述，主要建立下如下几个重要概念上：文化研究、现代性、新历史主义。”[5]可贵的是，这些理论仅仅是朱霞进行文学研究的一个武器。她并不是一个为了证明理论的当然正确而对研究对象狠下杀手的削足适履者，她对自己的研究对象是严谨而负责的，在论述一个问题时，她经常放弃简单的线性描述，而将之纳入到具体的作家作品来讨论。

在描述当代藏族汉语文学的多元化审美追求时，朱霞将次仁罗布作为小叙事的代表提出，详细讨论了他的美学风格：去历史化而趋个人化的叙事情境、内聚焦的叙述视角、分层的叙述方式、小说语言与情节结构的缺省等等。然而如果仅仅是美学风格的探讨，如何表现一个小说家对历史与现实的深度思考？朱霞在这一基础上继续勘探，在另外一章又深入挖掘了次仁罗布小说中历史与现实、过去与现在的关联：次仁罗布“通过讲述‘小人物’的生活际遇、悲欢离合以及在现实生活中所遭遇的困境、尴尬、无奈和悲伤，用普通人的视角把历史与现实、过去与现在贯通起来，展示了在社会转型期人们灵魂的悸动。”[2](P204)

如果换一个角度来考虑问题，她的这种写法，就类似于司马迁在《史记》中所应用的“互见法”。互见法主要有两种：“一种为一人异事之互见”，另一种为“一事异人之互见”。[6]

朱霞在学术著作中对“互见法”的运用，主要为“一人异事”之互见，当然，这里的“事”，并非史家视野里的叙述，而是对于同一个作家来说，其作品的不同面向。

除此，书中在论及康巴藏族诗人桑丹，藏族宏大叙事代表作家降边嘉措、益希单增，魔幻现实主义代表作家扎西达娃时，都运用了这种笔法。

朱霞这本书的写作还体现了一个比较明显的特点：珠花式结构。“朱霞对于当代藏族汉语写作的转型，涉及文学观，文体观，文学批评，作家论等多个角度，它们穿插交错，构成了一种珠花式结构。”[5]段建军教授对此已有较为详细的阐释，在此不再赘述。

互见法、珠花式结构，这些都是小说或者其他叙事性文体，如史书中常见的一种笔法，如今朱霞将之运用于文学研究之中，这当然可以说是“小说性”的表征——巴赫金认为“小说不仅是一种文学体裁，而且是一种特殊种类的力量，他称之为‘小说性’。小说性具有巨大的颠覆力量，它能够动摇，并瓦解官方的、形而上学的一元权威、等级体制和话语霸权，因为小说从本质上来说是反规范的，小说是一种认识论意义上的不法之徒，是一位文本领域内的‘罗宾汉’。”[7](P96)——这是小说的颠覆性力量的体现，可又何尝不是朱霞在长期从事藏族汉语小说批评的情况下，对小说文体的信手征用？这种征用不仅为她的转型叙事带来了便利与支援，同时也为她的学术研究打上了一种风格标记。由此，我们得以从在藏族汉语文学研究之路上跋涉的众多学者中，辨识出她的独特身影。

毋庸讳言，朱霞在抵达并置身藏族汉语文学的现场之后，就具有了两种身份：一个是充满热情的批评者，一个是冷静沉着的研究者。尽管朱霞在从事此书的研究时，一直试图忘却批评者的身份，可仍旧遗憾地留下了它的痕迹，这在“作家研究”一章多多少少有所表现。当然，尽管“当代文学研究非常迫切的任务是祛除批评化，建立起历史意识和学术意识，”[8]可对于当代藏族汉语文学来说，文学批评的边界究竟在哪？文学研究的规范如何建立？这是需要朱霞，也是所有当代藏族汉语文学研究者应着力解决的课题。

[参考文献]

[1]朱崇科.术语的暧昧：“问题意识”中的意识问题[J].暨南学报，2008（4）.

[2]朱霞.当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景[M].西安：陕西师范大学出版总社，2014.

[3]希利斯·米勒著，郭英剑等译.重申解构主义[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社，1998 .

[4]徐杰.文学内部与外部研究的“断裂”与“弥合”[J].殷都学刊，2011（1）.

[5]段建军.藏族汉语文学现场：抵达以后[A].朱霞.当代藏族汉语文学的转型及其多元文化背景[M].西安：陕西师范大学出版总社，2014.

[6]李渊良.史迁笔法：藏美刺于互见[J].文艺评论，2011（12）.

[7]夏忠宪.巴赫金狂欢化诗学研究[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2000.

[8]贺仲明.去批评化：对当代文学研究方法的思考[J].山东师范大学学报，2012（3）.

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Tibet,“The Ancient Tang-Bo Road”and the“Belt and Road”Construction

Zhou Weizhou
(Institute for Western Frontier Region of China,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an,Shaanxi,710062)

Abstract:“The Ancient Tang-Bo Road”was the road from Chang’an to Lhasa in Tang Dynasty.It con⁃nects Tang Dynasty and Tubo Kingdom in politics,economy and culture.“The Ancient Tang-Bo Road”consti⁃tuted an important transportation as southern Silk Road which plays a significant role in China and world history.In terms of history and geopolitics,Tibet has close connection with south and middle Asia.It is believed that Ti⁃bet still has an important position in construction of“Silk Road economic belt”. The paper elaborates the special relationship between Tibetan Buddhism and ancient Silk Road by analyzing historical documents.The birth and spread of Tibet Buddhism is based on ancient Silk Road,and it also contributed a lot to the stretch of the Road.It is argued that the ancient Silk Road and the spread of Tibetan Buddhist culture complement each other. The link between Tibet and south Asia is related with four opportunities.Building road leading to south Asian is an opportunity for Tibet in implementing“Belt and Road”strategy.This opportunity is differ⁃ent from other opportunities in history in terms of content and feature.It is significant for Tibet to realize modern⁃ization and well-off society. The binding form of Buddhist-classic binding,originating in India with the form of“Palm leaf scriptures”,gradually spread outward with Buddhism through the Silk Road.The monks who passed through Ti⁃bet brought into the Buddhist culture and the Buddhist classics,and the Chinese papermaking and printing were also brought into Tibetan areas by ancient Tang-Bo Road,which combined with the traditional form of“Palm leaf scriptures”and then produced a new look of book binding.This book binding form then influenced Chinese book binding in return. This paper takes two representative Tibet’s intangible cultural heritage,“Guozhuang”,“Duix⁃ie”,as examples,and analyzes the core problems in construction of intangible cultural heritage knowledge ontol⁃ogy.The key problems such as data set construction,word segmentation,ontology annotation,ontology associa⁃tion and ontology visualization are studied.On this basis,an intangible cultural heritage knowledge ontology con⁃struction system is designed and implemented.This paper also constructs a certain scale of intangible cultural heritage knowledge ontology. Frequent exchange among various nationalities has mutual influence on national culture in⁃volved.The Confucianism culture historically is the crystallization of multi-ethnic culture,and it still needs to strengthen the integration of Confucianism culture in the new historical period with special attention to promo⁃tion and exchange of Confucianism culture in the Border area multinational area with emphasis.In order to ad⁃vance the Confucianism culture and exchange this systems engineering in the Border area multinational area pro⁃motion,it needs to follow the cultural propagation principle and form various strategic measures,including fur⁃ther reorganization of the ancient book,the modern research and populace textbook; Brings out,the strengthened idol and example system; Improves various levels the social culture organizational systems; Construction vision transmission system; Standard etiquette formal system; The reinforcement learning,propagandizes the system; The substantial personnel strength,establishes the specialized talented person system; Establishes the financial and welfare guarantee system; Builds the facility and hardware support system. Based on a large number of British original archives and materials,this paper gives an account of the first contacts between British India and Chinese Tibet,analyzing and revealing that Chinese had the absolute⁃ly authoritative power in Tibet.The translator and this journal did not agree with the wrong opinions such as treating China and Tibet as an equal and readers’discretion is needed. During more than six hundred years of performance practice,the Tibetan Opera has generated three specific and stylized structural models,including Rngon Pa’don,Gzhung and Tashi.Gzhung is the core of the whole performance,while Rngon Pa’don and Tashi have the characteristic of rituals operas,which makes the performance structure of Tibetan Opera display unique features of both rituals and operas.The Tibetan Opera contains folk music and dance which drift away from the story,acrobatics alternating with musical telling and narrative intertwining with first-person narration,all of which reflect the unique aesthetic taste and viewing cus⁃tom of the Tibetan nationality.Analysis on the performance structural model of Tibetan Opera could provide viv⁃id case to the study of Chinese operas in how to develop from rituals operas to traditional operas,to go beyond musical telling and singing and dancing performance,and to evolve from narrative to first-person narration. Nang Ma club is a main entertainment place for people in Tibet,and a unique form of mass enter⁃tainment.Nang Ma is transformed from traditional art,and becomes a symbol of mass culture consumption.The paper analyses the club and its role in spreading Nang Ma,reveals its consuming features,and discusses the rea⁃son for the phenomenon.The paper also discusses the multiple meanings for its popularity and makes suggestion for modernization of traditional art In view of its openness,real-time,interactive,virtual of digital media features,online games which is regarded as an emerging cultural and creative industries has become one of the important medium of in⁃formation dissemination in modern society.And it also has the important practical significance for the dissemina⁃tion and development of national culture.Tibetan clothing,one of Chinese national treasures of art,its decorative pattern has a unique artistic style and profound culture.The article combines Tibetan clothing pattern with on⁃line games character design,by means of making a thorough inquiry about the characteristics of national,func⁃tional,artistic in the Tibetan clothing patterns,trying to make it as a source of creation game character design,to find a meeting point of Tibetan clothing patterns and network game character design,to explore more broad thoughts to the online game character design and inheritance and development of national culture. This chapter translation mainly presents activities of the eighth Buddha Garmaba in his late years.The author also comments highly on his entire life. The 9th Panchen Lama pan-chen-blo-bzang-chos-kyi-nyi-ma (1883-1937) left Tashilhunpo and traveled other provinces since1923-1937.The Nanjing speech made at New Asia Association’s Member Congress,on Dec.24 1932,which emphasized Tibet forms an integral part of the territory of China based on his⁃tory truth.The Shanghai speech happened on June 3th 1934,discovery that people who not lived Monglia and Ti⁃bet,would ignored the means of Mongolia and Tibet to China’s whole security,the Mongolian and the Tibetan al⁃so know little about inner China situation.He strongly appealed both sides to increase communication.The speeches here revealed the national identity of 9th Panchen Lama and his follows,which made the academic and reality value of the speeches greatly. Cuona County Lebugou is the Monpa’s main inhabit region,and is the 6th Dalai Lama Tsang⁃yang Gyatso’s birth place.The Lebugou area has advantageous natural landscape and rich unique national cul⁃ture resources.The local area,by holding“travel festival of Tsangyang Gyatso love songs”,develops featured tourism,and builds Lebugou’s tourism brand.This promotes the local economy as well as the protection and in⁃heritance of Monpa’s traditional culture.

Key words:“The Ancient Tang-Bo Road”,the“Belt and Road”Strategy,Tibet the“Belt and Road”Strategy,ancient Silk Road,Tibetan Buddhism,active role south Asia,channel,opportunity,feature book binding,paper making,print,ancient Tang-Bo Road Intangible Cultural Heritage,Ontology Construction,Ontology System border,ethnic,Confucian,spread British Raj,Chinese Tibet,first contacts Tibetan Opera,structural models,China operas,evolution Nang Ma club,Nang Ma,consuming change,reason Tibetan clothing,decorative pattern,online games,game character design Mkas-pavi-dgav-ston,the 8th Garmaba,late years the 9th Panchen Lama,Tibet,China’s territory,Mongolia and Tibet,National Defense Cuona County Lebugou,Monpa,featured tourism,travel festival of Tsangyang Gyatso love songs

Tibetan Buddhism and the“Belt and Road”Strategy

Wang Changyu
(High-Level Tibet Buddhism College of China,Beijing,100120)

South Asia Channel Construction:an Opportunity for Tibet

Niu Zhifu
(Xizang Minzu University,Xianyang,Shaanxi,712082)

Evolution of Binding Forms of Buddhist-Classic Binding and Cultural Integration along the Ancient Tang-Bo Road

Zhou Yi
(Zhejiang Daily Chart Weekly,Hangzhou,Zhejiang,310020)

Design and Implement of Intangible Cultural Heritage Knowledge Ontology Construction System——the“Guozhuang”and“Duixie”as examples

Huang Yong,Lu Wei,Cheng Qikai,Deng Shengli
(School of Information Management,Wuhan University,Wuhan,430072; Institute of Information Retrieval and Knowledge Mining,Wuhan University,Wuhan,430072)

The Awareness of Confucian in Border and Ethnic Districts

Zhou Yong,Xu Wenhua
(Tibet Academy of Social Science,Lhasa,Tibet,850000)

Selected Translation of Tibet and the British Raj

Written by Alastair Lamb，translated by Liang Junyan,edited by Deng Ruiling
(History Studies Institute,China Tibetology Research Center,Beijing,100101)

Discussion on Structural Models for the Performance of Tibetan Opera

Li Yi
(School of Literature,Xizang Minzu University,Xianyang,Shaanxi,712082)

Nang Ma Club and Consuming Changes of Tibet Traditional Art Symbols

Zhang Xuehai
(School of Literature,Xizang Minzu University,Xianyang,Shaanxi,712082)

Research on the Application of the Tibetan Clothing Patterns in Online Games Character Design

Feng Dong,Nyima Wangchen,Ding Zhuo
(Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an,Shaanxi,710072)

Translation and Annotation of Garma-gam-tshang in Mkas-pavi-dgav-ston (XXX)

Written by Dpav-bo-gtsug-1ag-phreng-ba; Translated by Zhou Runnian & Han Juexian
(Center for Study of Tibetology,Minzu University of China,Beijing,100081)

Tibet Forms an Integral Part of the Territory of China and The Importance of Mongolia and Tibet to China National Defense——speeches at Nanjing and Shanghai by 9th Panchen

By Liu Jiaju,collected by Zhong Yuhai
(College of History and Culture,Minzu University of China,Beijing,100081)

Survey of Tourism in Menpa’s Inhabiting Area in Lebugou,Cuona County

Chen Liming,Zhao Yong
(School of Ethnology Research,XizangMinzu University,Xianyang,Shaanxi,712082)