梁燕冰,覃月秋,廖品琥△
与疾病相关的EPCR基因多态性研究进展
梁燕冰1,覃月秋2,廖品琥1△
内皮细胞蛋白C受体(EPCR)是新发现的蛋白C抗凝系统中的重要一员,在抗凝、抗炎过程中发挥作用。由于EPCR单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的存在,引起可溶性内皮细胞蛋白C受体(sEPCR)表达水平的改变,影响多种疾病的易感性。本文就EPCR基因多态性与血栓性疾病、疟疾、脓毒症及其他疾病的关系进行综述。
疟疾;脓毒症;肿瘤;内皮细胞蛋白C受体;多态性,单核苷酸;血栓性疾病;综述
内皮细胞蛋白C受体(endothelial protein C receptor,EPCR)是蛋白C系统中蛋白C(protein C,PC)及活化蛋白C(actived protein C,APC)的受体,通过PC途径发挥细胞保护、抗炎、抗凝等作用。PC在凝血酶-血栓调节蛋白复合物存在的条件下,在血管内皮细胞表面被激活形成APC,APC则抑制活化的凝血因子Ⅴ和Ⅷ(FⅤa和FⅧa),从而下调凝血酶的生成。正常情况下,APC的生成与EPCR、凝血酶、血栓调节蛋白、PC等密切相关。任一环节的改变均会引起APC的生成增加或减少,从而引发各种疾病。随着人类全基因组计划的完成,学者们逐渐认识到单核苷酸多态性(SNP)对疾病的表型、易感性以及药物敏感性等的重要影响。近年研究发现,EPCR基因多态性与血栓性疾病、疟疾、脓毒症、肿瘤、不良妊娠等有关。深入研究EPCR基因多态性将有助于筛查疾病易感的患者,从而实施真正意义上的“个体化”治疗。本文简述了EPCR基因多态性与多种疾病的关系,为从遗传学方面探讨疾病的发生、发展提供理论基础。
1.1 EPCR基因(PROCR)EPCR位于20号染色体q11.2,全长约8 kb,包含4个外显子和3个内含子[1]。外显子1编码5′-非编码区(UTR)和信号肽,外显子2和3编码大部分的细胞外结构域,外显子4则编码蛋白质其余部分和3′-UTR[2]。目前已有多项关于EPCR基因变异从而影响EPCR分子表达及功能的研究,这些基因改变主要包括外显子3(6367位点)23 bp嵌入[3],内含子2 6333C/T的多态性,5′-UTR 1651C/G的多态性[4],外显子4 6936A/G的多态性(内皮细胞受体跨膜区域Ser219Gly的转变)[5]等。基于这些发现,人类EPCR基因型可分为4种,即H1、H2、H3和极其罕见的H4,其中H1、H3、H4包含1个或多个特殊单体型单核苷酸多态性(htSNPs),H2则包含所有SNPs常见的等位基因[6-7]。
1.2 EPCR蛋白由PROCR编码的EPCR蛋白与CD1/主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)Ⅰ蛋白家族受体具有同源性[2],EPCR对PC/APC具有高亲和力,参与PC的活化,并通过谷氨酸(Glutamic acid,GLA)结构域与APC结合,促发细胞内抗炎和细胞信号的传导[8-10]。在金属蛋白酶的作用下,EPCR从内皮细胞表面脱落,形成可溶性EPCR(sEPCR),脱落后形成的sEPCR仍保持与PC/APC相结合的能力,但与膜型EPCR(mEPCR)作用相反,sEPCR则抑制APC的作用[11]。
研究表明,EPCR基因多态性与血栓形成有关,EPCR基因变异使PC与EPCR之间的相互作用发生改变,从而增加或降低静脉血栓形成的风险[12]。一项对下肢静脉血栓患者的研究发现,EPCR rs86718的基因多态性与下肢静脉血栓风险相关[13]。EPCR rs867186 A/G(H3基因型)位点AG、GG基因型和G等位基因携带者可通过升高血浆sEPCR水平,进而增加静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)发病风险;而rs9574 C/G(H1基因型)位点CC基因型及C等位基因却是VTE的保护因素,并不影响血浆sEPCR水平[14-15]。在人脐静脉内皮细胞,H1基因型能提高mEPCR水平,促进PC的活化,但对EPCR mRNA的表达水平没有影响;H3基因型能降低mEPCR水平,降低PC活化率,并增加培养基中sEPCR的水平[16]。在儿童卒中风险的研究中也发现,无论患儿携带的是纯合子或是杂合子型的EPCR H3单倍体(rs2069940C/G),他们的sEPCR水平均大于100 ng/mL,说明了H3单倍体与sEPCR水平具有强相关性,并可以增加儿童卒中的风险[17],与Pintao等[18]研究结果一致,其他的研究也表明了EPCR基因多态性与血栓形成的易感性有关[14,19-20]。但也有学者认为sEPCR的水平和(或)EPCR基因多态性与VTE易感性无关[21-22]。
EPCR的表达及其功能的改变,可能影响疟疾的表型及发病易感性[23]。微脉管系统的EPCR可以隔离被恶性疟原虫感染了的红细胞,脑内皮细胞EPCR表达减少可以导致脑型疟疾微血管血栓形成[24-25]。相对于其他表型的重症疟疾,非洲贝宁地区的脑型疟疾患儿sEPCR水平较高[26];而马拉维地区的脑型疟疾患儿sEPCR水平较低[24];但坦桑尼亚及加纳的重症疟疾患儿sEPCR水平与重症疟疾无关[27-28]。不同地区EPCR基因变异对疟疾发生、发展的影响不同。来自泰国的一项研究结果认为EPCR rs867186-GG基因型是重症疟疾的保护因素[29],然而坦桑尼亚地区研究发现EPCR rs867186 A/G和rs2069948 C/T位点虽然可以引起血浆sEPCR水平升高,但不影响疟疾发病的易感性[27],与加纳地区的研究结果一致[28]。
研究发现,多种炎症因子如白细胞介素(IL)-6[30]、IL-8[31]、IL-10[32]等的基因多态性在不同地区、种族间的分布频率存在差异。脓毒症的临床治疗效果个体差异性较大,可能与遗传因素有关。研究表明基因多态性影响着脓毒症的发生发展过程,如TLR4基因rs11536889位点和CD14基因rs2563298位点均可增加脓毒症发病的易感性[33];脓毒症患者常合并凝血功能紊乱,PC血清水平显著降低,使用重组人APC(rhAPC)治疗后,患者的预后得到明显改善[9]。一项脓毒症动物模型的研究发现,降低EPCR表达或阻断APC与EPCR的结合可以导致宿主对脂多糖(LPS)的炎症反应过度,导致动物的死亡率增加[34],提示EPCR通过调节APC及其下游细胞产生细胞保护和抗凝血作用,参与了严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克(SS/SS)的发展[35]。已有研究表明SS/SS患者EPCR基因rs867186 A/G、rs2069940 C/G、rs2069952 C/T位点的多态性与脓毒症相关,同时携带H1和H3的等位基因可能降低危重患者发生SS/SS的风险[36]。EPCR基因多态性可影响儿童脓毒症的发展过程[37-38]。然而国内关于EPCR基因多态性与脓毒症关系的研究鲜有报道。从分子水平深入探讨脓毒症的发病机制,将有助于对疾病的早发现和早治疗。
恶性血液病患者血浆sEPCR水平与血栓形成有关[39]。EPCR rs867186 A/G基因型可作为急性髓性白血病患者发生血栓形成的风险基因型[5]。EPCR rs2069948位点基因多态性增加了乳腺癌发病的易感性[40]。而特定的EPCR基因变异可增加孕期深部静脉血栓的风险或通过改变sEPCR的水平导致不良妊娠结局[3-4,41]。携带EPCR rs867186 A/G变异的脑梗死患者,其血栓形成的风险增高[42]。肺癌患者血浆sEPCR水平升高和(或)rs867186 A/G基因型变异与肿瘤并发血栓事件之间可能相关[43]。但也有研究发现冠心病患者循环sEPCR水平、rs867186 A/G变异均与心血管事件发生易感性无关[44]。
EPCR基因多态性与部分疾病的易感性有关,参与了血栓性疾病、疟疾、脓毒症、肿瘤、不良妊娠结局等疾病的发生发展。
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(2016-08-25收稿2016-09-20修回)
(本文编辑李鹏)
Research progress in the disease-related EPCR gene polymorphisms
LIANG Yanbing1,QIN Yueqiu2,LIAO Pinhu1△
1 Department of Critical Medicine,2 Department of Gastroenterology,Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities,Baise 533000,China△RevisorE-mail:liaopinhu@163.com
As an important part of the protein C anticoagulant system,endothelial protein C receptor(EPCR)plays a critical role in the process of anti-coagulation and anti-inflammation.The presence of EPCR single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)affects the levels of soluble endothelial protein C receptor(sEPCR),and susceptibility to varieties of diseases.This article reviews the relationship between EPCR gene polymorphisms and thrombotic diseases,malaria,sepsis and other diseases.
malaria;sepsis;neoplasms;endothelial protein C receptor;polymorphism,single nucleotide;thrombotic disease;review
R446
A
10.11958/20160849
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81560321);2014年广西医学高层次骨干人才培养“139”计划培养人选项目;广西高校急重症分子免疫研究重点实验室项目(yy2015ky002);广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCSZ2015222)
1右江民族医学院附属医院重症医学科(邮编533000),2消化内科
梁燕冰(1993),女,研究生在读,主要从事脓毒症基因学机制的研究
△审校者E-mail:liaopinhu@163.com