翟文雯 综述 李 民 审校
(北京大学第三医院麻醉科,北京 100083)
·文献综述·
肩关节手术后镇痛的研究进展
翟文雯 综述 李 民*审校
(北京大学第三医院麻醉科,北京 100083)
肩关节手术患者需要合理的区域阻滞镇痛,以减少阿片类药物的应用。镇痛方法主要包括:肩峰下或关节腔内局部麻醉药物的浸润;肩胛上神经阻滞联合或不联合腋神经阻滞;肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。本文对3种常见镇痛方式的操作方法、优缺点和发展方向等进行文献总结。
肩关节手术; 术后镇痛; 肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞; 肩胛上神经阻滞
肩关节手术后常伴随中~重度疼痛,术后单用阿片类镇痛药物常会导致恶心、呕吐、皮疹、睡眠障碍、便秘等并发症[1]。近年来,微创肩关节镜手术日趋成熟,其创伤小、恢复快、视野清晰等优点逐渐替代一些传统开放手术,但术后24~48 h内,开放与关节镜手术后疼痛程度未见显著差异[2]。因此,肩关节术后患者需要合理的区域阻滞镇痛,以减少阿片类药物的应用[3,4],主要包括以下3种镇痛方式:肩峰下或关节腔内局部麻醉药物浸润;肩胛上神经阻滞(suprascapular nerve block,SSNB)联合或不联合腋神经阻滞(axillary nerve block,ANB);单次或持续肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞(interscalene block, ISB)。本文对这3种常见镇痛方式的操作方法、优缺点和发展方向等进行文献总结。
多由术者在关闭切口前进行,于关节腔内注入20~50 ml局部麻醉药物,留置或不留置持续输注管路[5],由于操作简便,风险相对低,这种方式早期应用较多。由于这种镇痛技术效果不确定及外周神经阻滞的广泛应用,近年来,临床应用及相关研究已逐渐减少。既往的研究结果显示单次或持续关节腔内注药较对照组并无显著优势,尤其是入选切开术式及肩袖修补术的研究[5]。Bailie等[6]报道23例健康年轻患者出现灾难性肩关节软骨溶解的情况,认为与关节腔内大剂量持续布比卡因浸润有关。动物实验也为局麻药导致软骨毒性提供了证据,尤其是大剂量应用布比卡因时[7]。总之,由于关节腔内或肩峰下注入局麻药的镇痛效果不确切、优势不明显以及医源性软骨溶解的风险,目前已经越来越少被推荐。
肩关节主要由肩胛上神经、腋神经和胸外侧神经支配。肩胛上神经负责70%的肩关节腔的感觉支配,还覆盖包括肩峰下囊、肩锁关节、喙锁韧带[4]。可以通过解剖定位或超声及神经刺激器辅助在肩胛上窝阻滞肩胛上神经,联合腋神经能使阻滞更全面[8]。
目前的研究[8~11]结果显示,SSNB能较安慰剂组、关节腔内注药组及静脉应用病人自控镇痛(patient controlled analgesia,PCA)组显著降低肩关节术后患者疼痛评分,联合ANB能进一步减轻术后疼痛。Lee等[12]进行3组对比,分别为SSNB联合ANB组、ISB组和对照组(无神经阻滞),恢复室内VAS评分ISB组(1.4±1.2)分显著低于另外2组(P<0.05),SSNB联合ANB组(3.6±1.9)分显著低于对照组(7.0±1.6)分(P<0.05)。Neal等[13]的研究显示全身麻醉联合ISB后,补充SSNB并未发现明显优势。
SSNB虽不如ISB的镇痛效果更好[12],但SSNB联合ANB的优势在于能减少或避免ISB所致的手部麻木、无力,理论上也不会引起膈肌麻痹并发症,因此,中重度呼吸系统疾病的患者采用这种镇痛方式,既避免ISB可能引起膈神经阻滞加重呼吸困难,也避免大剂量阿片类镇痛药物导致呼吸抑制,是ISB禁忌时的一种替代选择。这种阻滞的缺点就是需要分别阻滞2支神经,以及镇痛时间不够(虽然SSNB及ANB置管理论上可行,但是目前还没有相关研究)。同时,这2支神经阻滞的操作经验国内外均不多,缺乏高级别循证医学证据文献的支持,其安全性及有效性的证据均不足。另外,SSNB还有导致气胸的风险。因此,除禁忌行ISB的患者,SSNB联合ANB暂时还没有显著优势。
3.1 单次肌间沟臂丛阻滞(single-injection inter-scalene block, SISB)与持续肌间沟臂丛阻滞(continuous interscalene block, CISB)
SISB可能是肩关节手术术中、术后镇痛最常用的方式[4,14]。肩部和上臂大部分的皮区和全部上肢肌肉的运动都由臂丛神经支配,肌间沟处,多可见臂丛神经分为上、中、下三干,阻滞C5~6神经根即臂丛神经的上干,能达到阻滞肩胛下神经、腋神经、胸外侧神经(一部分有C7参与支配)的效果,阻滞包括肩关节囊、肩峰下囊、喙锁韧带及肩关节表面的皮肤[15]。
由于单次阻滞持续时间的限制,常常单次注射后联合持续输注镇痛泵,保证镇痛时间,帮助患者快速、有效、简便的缓解疼痛,避免血药浓度剧烈波动所致的不良反应[16]。同时,肌间沟臂丛神经具有解剖优势,仅留置1 支泵管即能满足整个肩关节的镇痛。
3.2 阻滞方法
目前,超声、神经刺激器等技术已广泛应用于外周神经阻滞[17]。ISB时将超声探头置于C6水平(环状软骨水平),显露前、中斜角肌、肌间沟及肌间沟臂丛神经,应用平面外或平面内技术,神经刺激针针尖到达C5、C6神经根附近,引出三角肌或肱二头肌运动[18]。
3.3 研究结论
大量研究[19~21]提示ISB后疼痛评分显著低于对照组或关节腔注药镇痛。持续阻滞与单次阻滞的肩关节手术术后镇痛的研究结果提示,48 h内持续阻滞组镇痛效果优于单次给药[22]。SISB对于肩关节镜等肩关节相对较小手术的术后镇痛是足够的,而且持续阻滞组术后手部及前臂麻木的发生率显著升高[23]。
3.4 不良反应
ISB的风险、不良反应、副作用主要有以下几方面:外周神经阻滞带来的风险,如神经损伤、局部感染、血管损伤、局麻药物中毒(局麻药全身毒性反应发生率<1/1000)[4];肌间沟入路的风险,如胸膜损伤、Honer综合征、声嘶、膈肌麻痹带来的轻度呼吸困难等(膈肌麻痹的发生率通常会超过50%)[24,25];最危险的可能是误入椎管,造成颈髓损伤、全脊麻甚至是永久性瘫痪(临床中极为少见,与解剖变异和操作技术相关)[4];还有与感觉、运动阻滞有关的一些副反应,如患肢麻木、力弱、肩袖肌肉松弛甚至增加肩关节脱位的风险。
3.5 发展方向
与一些新兴外周神经阻滞技术相比,ISB用于肩关节手术镇痛已经有相对较长的时间,但是这一技术仍有一些对临床有重要意义的问题需要我们进一步探讨。
3.5.1 低剂量 在超声和神经刺激器引入外周神经阻滞前,为提高ISB的成功率,通常需要大容量/剂量的局麻药,30~50 ml是常规用量[26]。Qin等[27]研究证实超声等可视化技术的应用能在一定程度上减少局麻药的用量,并且缩短操作时间,提高阻滞成功率。Renes等[28]研究显示超声引导下ISB应用最低27 mg罗哌卡因就能为肩关节镜手术提供满意的镇痛。Eichenberger等[29]推荐局麻药容量低至神经横截面积每平方毫米0.11 ml即可。另外,为提高患者舒适度,满足肩关节镜术中沙滩椅位和控制性降压的要求,提高安全性等,全身麻醉复合ISB已成为肩关节手术的主要麻醉方式[30]。术中全身麻醉的镇痛作用一定程度上使术前ISB对术后镇痛的意义大于术中镇痛,由于一些肩关节切开术常连接术后PCA持续镇痛,使术前SISB的主要作用为满足术后恢复室内的镇痛要求。
3.5.2 膈肌运动障碍和肺功能 ISB常伴随有膈神经阻滞、膈肌麻痹的情况,并进一步导致脉搏氧饱和度、用力肺活量、1秒用力呼气容积和呼气峰流速的下降[31, 32]。肩袖修补和肩关节置换的患者通常年龄较大,膈肌运动阻滞甚至会导致低氧血症和不必要的延长住院时间。膈神经主要从C4发出(少部分发自C3或C5),走行于前斜角肌表面,局麻药物既能通过接近的位置直接扩散至膈神经,又能向上浸润,在膈神经发出前阻滞C4神经根[33]。减少ISB局麻药的剂量常常会减少膈肌麻痹[24,25]。除与剂量相关外,Renes等[34]通过超声定位将0.75%罗哌卡因10 ml在C7神经根水平注入,膈肌麻痹发生率仅13%(2/15),原因可能在于其他研究均定位在环状软骨水平或C5~6神经根水平。当注药位置向尾端移动时,局麻药物向上扩散到C4或通过前斜角肌表面浸润到膈神经走行部位的距离会增加,在环状软骨水平进针,距离膈神经的平均距离是1.8 mm,但进针部位向尾端移动3 cm后,平均距离增加到10.8 mm。综上所述,ISB前需要对患者肺功能、膈肌功能进行评估,选择合适的穿刺点和局麻药剂量,权衡ISB的优势和膈肌运动障碍的不良影响。
3.5.3 持续输注镇痛泵的模式 对于CISB来说,镇痛泵的配方和设置目前有大量的文献和数据,寻找合适浓度容量组合的研究并没有得到一致的结论。罗哌卡因因低心脏毒性[35]和中枢神经系统毒性,以及术后运动阻滞恢复快[36],逐渐成为最常用的持续阻滞药物。早期研究采用的输注速率高达10 ml/h,而随后的研究逐渐降低输注速率而加入患者自控的推注(bolus)。Wei等[37]的研究提示0.2%罗哌卡因背景量的95%有效药物剂量(ED95)是4.4 ml(bolus 5 ml/h)。Fredrickson等[38]的研究显示肩关节置换术和肩袖手术的患者持续输注0.2%罗哌卡因,背景量2 ml/h(bolus 5 ml)的设置能提供安静时镇痛,但是18%的患者会出现中~重度爆发痛,而且浓度提供到0.4%时也没有改善,同时0.4%组发生上肢麻木无力的情况显著增高,满意度评分也显著低于较低浓度组。Byeon等[39]的研究显示0.2%罗哌卡因无背景量单次推注4 ml,较持续输注4 ml/h并无显著的镇痛优势,但局麻药总用量降低,为镇痛泵的设置提供进一步的思考。综上所述,满足镇痛很可能至少需要4 ml/h的背景量,当然,bolus的推注量也很重要,目前推测也至少要4 ml。目前,似乎也没有证据提示持续输注浓度0.2%以上的罗哌卡因有更多的优势。
近年来,肩关节手术后镇痛取得了很大进展。由于关节腔内或肩峰下注入局麻药的镇痛效果不确切,优势不明显以及医源性软骨溶解的风险,目前已经越来越少的被推荐。SSNB联合或不联合ANB也在肩关节手术后镇痛中占有越来越重要的地位,相较于ISB,它不导致手部麻木无力和膈肌麻痹,尤其适用于禁忌ISB的病人,但目前受技术所限,应用还不广泛。SISB可能是目前肩关节手术术中、术后镇痛最常用的方式,对于切开术式或巨大肩袖撕裂的患者,建议术后CISB以满足镇痛需要。
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(修回日期:2016-02-22)
(责任编辑:李贺琼)
Postoperative Analgesia for Shoulder Surgery: a Review of Current Techniques
ZhaiWenwen,LiMin.
DepartmentofAnesthesiology,PekingUniversityThirdHospital,Beijing100083,China
LiMin,E-mail:liminanesth@aliyun.com
Shoulder surgery; Postoperative analgesia; Interscalene block; Suprascapular nerve block
*通讯作者,E-mail:liminanesth@aliyun.com
A
1009-6604(2016)10-0942-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.10.020
2015-11-27)
【Summary】 Following shoulder surgery, proper regional anesthesia is usually required to minimize the use of opioids. Regional anesthesia techniques commonly used include subacromial or intra-articular local anesthetic infiltration, suprascapular nerve block with or without axillary nerve block, and interscalene block. This paper summarized literatures on the three abovementioned techniques in respect with performance, merits and flaws, and future perspectives.