郑月宏,廖鹏志
下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗现状及展望
郑月宏*,廖鹏志
(中国医学科学院北京协和医院血管外科,北京 100730)
血管重建、恢复远端肢体灌注是下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗的关键点。血管重建的方法包括开放重建和腔内重建。腔内治疗作为高新技术的代表,已逐渐成为下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗的主力军,甚至复杂主髂动脉、股腘动脉、膝下动脉硬化闭塞症也越来越多地采用创伤相对小的腔内治疗,并取得了较好的临床疗效。本文就下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗的现状和展望进行阐述。
动脉硬化闭塞症;腔内治疗;球囊;支架
下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(arteriosclerosis obliterans,ASO)指由于动脉硬化造成的下肢供血动脉内膜增厚、管腔狭窄或闭塞,病变肢体血液供应不足,引起下肢间歇性跛行、皮温降低、疼痛、乃至发生溃疡或坏死等临床表现的慢性进展性疾病,常为全身性动脉硬化血管病变在下肢动脉的表现。吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、高同型半胱氨酸、慢性肾病等是其常见的危险因素[1]。下肢ASO的发病率随年龄增长而上升,>70岁人群的发病率在15%~20%[2]。男性发病率略高于女性。
泛大西洋协作组织共识(Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus,TASC)2007年发布的指南TASCⅡ中,首先强调了控制危险因素、增加运动康复以及口服抗血小板药物等保守治疗下肢ASO的重要性。保守治疗如效果不佳,则可考虑在保守治疗同时重建下肢血运,其中TASC A型病变推荐腔内重建,TASC D型病变推荐手术重建,TASC B、C型病变则需根据患者的健康状况、意愿、当地血管外科团队的技术特点灵活选择[1]。随着腔内技术持续不断的革新,腔内治疗的技术成功率和临床效果均有提高[3−5]。即使TASC D型病变,首先考虑腔内治疗的比例亦在升高[6−8]。
对于主髂动脉ASO,近期发表的开放手术与腔内治疗的比较荟萃分析提示开放手术远期通畅率优于腔内治疗,但开放手术的住院时间、并发症发生率、围术期死亡率更高[9]。从现有的观察性研究看,动脉重建方法的选择取决于各个血管外科中心的技术特长与经验,同时应结合患者的健康状况与预期生存时间。对于复杂的主髂病变,如患者一般情况较好,预期生存时间较长,建议首选开放手术或杂交手术,远期效果或许优于腔内治疗[10]。
对于股腘动脉病变,下肢严重缺血症旁路手术对比血管成形术随机临床试验(BypassAngioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg,BASIL),比较了腹股沟下大隐静脉旁路手术与腔内球囊扩张术,发现两组患者术后6个月的带肢生存率无差异,腔内治疗并发症发生率和总体花费更低[11]。随访3~5年时,旁路手术组的总生存率和带肢生存率明显优于腔内组;对于生存期>2年的患者,进行亚组分析,旁路手术组总生存时间延长7个月,带肢生存时间无明显差异[12]。但BASIL临床试验发布时间较早,腔内治疗组只包括了单纯球囊扩张治疗,因此,它已不能反映当前腔内治疗的实际临床效果[10]。
在目前的临床实践中,腔内治疗已成为多数股腘动脉ASO患者的首选,预期生存时间有限的患者尤甚[13]。对于预期生存时间>2年,复杂、广泛的股腘动脉病变患者,旁路手术可首先考虑。在行旁路手术时,合理、灵活地运用杂交技术,也能有效减少手术创伤[10]。
本专栏中多篇文章介绍了股腘动脉ASO的治疗经验[14−16] ]。报道病例平均年龄均>65岁,病变程度重,均为TASC C、D型病例。治疗方法以全腔内治疗为主,部分为腔内治疗占主导的杂交手术。三组病例的临床资料均提示腔内治疗对于TASC C、D型病变安全有效。
专栏文章对腔内治疗的技术、策略亦进行了临床回顾与探讨。其中,石波等[17]介绍的Viabahn覆膜支架结合内膜下血管成形术的操作经验和初期随访数据,结果显示这一技术是安全有效的,但远期效果还需进一步观察。田轩等[15]探讨了对于股腘动脉复杂病变的处理策略,认为对于TASC D型动脉硬化下肢缺血患者,无论腔内开通股浅动脉还是股深动脉成形均可改善患者症状,增加肢体血供;两种治疗方法对3年后肢体的保留和症状改善的影响无明显差异。对于TASC D型动脉硬化下肢缺血,术前在评估股浅动脉病变时,还应充分对股深动脉进行评估,重视已形成的侧支循环,合理地选择血运重建策略,减少手术时间与创伤,改善预后。
膝下动脉ASO与严重下肢缺血及患者心脑血管的病变程度呈正相关,是下肢动脉ASO治疗的难点,也易发生围术期不良事件。膝下动脉的腔内治疗早在上世纪90年代就有报道[18]。近年来,针对膝下动脉特殊条件研制了小口径长球囊,使得经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA)可广泛应用于治疗膝下动脉狭窄闭塞病变。关于膝下动脉ASO的随机临床试验BASIL-2正在进行中,结果令人期待。近期荟萃分析的数据提示,虽然腔内治疗的一期通畅率和二期通畅率低于旁路手术,但3年保肢率并无明显差异[11,19]。目前,对于严重下肢缺血的膝下动脉ASO患者,首选腔内治疗暂时缓解缺血症状的方法已被普遍采用[20],腔内治疗的方法以球囊扩张成形术为主,为避免支架置入影响后续的介入治疗,首次治疗不推荐支架置入。本专栏中曹广信等[21]回顾了40例膝下动脉ASO患者,全部采用腔内治疗行球囊扩张成形术,随访1年,保肢率为95%。球囊扩张成形术重建血运具有创伤小、并发症少、病死率低、住院天数短等优点,救肢率理想。对于面临截肢的患者先行球囊扩张也有望降低截肢平面。但由于内膜增生与再狭窄,膝下动脉球囊扩张的远期通畅率不如膝上动脉,多次的单纯球囊扩张成形术是常用的维持远期通畅的方法。李佳乐等[22]介绍了切割球囊在维持膝下动脉远期通畅中的临床应用经验,初步探索了应用切割球囊于膝下动脉腔内血管重建术的安全性及有效性,但其临床应用价值还需大样本的随机临床试验证实。
随着科学技术的发展,腔内治疗的新设备层出不穷,如:激光辅助血管成形、冰冻辅助血管成形、药物涂层球囊支架、专门设计的低侧压支架、生物可吸收支架、腔内斑块旋切设备、腔内内膜剥脱设备等。由于新设备的引入,腔内治疗的适用范围越来越广,为下肢ASO治疗的远期通畅率提高带来了希望。但从现有临床数据看,较之已相对成熟、廉价的腔内技术,这些新技术新产品还没有展现出明显的优势。
对于长段病变的腔内治疗,Supera支架也许是一种可行的解决方案。Supera支架是镍钛合金编织支架,具有较好的支撑力和顺应性。目前关于Supera支架的中期报告提示其对于长段病变的治疗通畅率较高[23]。斑块旋切也是近年从冠状动脉发展到下肢动脉的新技术,不管是激光、定向或是轨道旋切设备,远端动脉栓塞和再狭窄的问题仍亟需更好的解决方案[24,25]。药物涂层球囊和支架理论上应该比裸球囊和支架具有更好的临床效果。据报道紫杉醇(paclitaxel)涂层球囊的临床效果则明显优于裸球囊[26]。大型国际性前瞻性多中心随机临床试验发布的结果显示,药物涂层球囊的通畅率和保肢率明显优于裸球囊[27]。相应的关于药物涂层球囊治疗股腘动脉ASO的Lutonix紫杉醇涂层球囊预防股腘动脉再狭窄(Lutonix Paclitaxel-coated Balloon for the Prevention of Femoropopliteal Restenosis,LEVANT)2研究也将要发布,结果值得期待。药物洗脱支架在冠脉的成功应用促使了膝下动脉药物洗脱支架的出现。随机临床试验的结果显示药物洗脱支架在通畅率、再干预率、保肢率等方面明显优于裸支架和裸球囊,为药物洗脱支架在膝下动脉的应用提供了高质量的循证医学证据[28−31]。目前关于药物洗脱球囊在膝下动脉应用的临床数据十分有限,药物洗脱球囊或许对于膝下的长段病变有优势,有待高质量的循证医学证据支持。
下肢动脉ASO仅为全身动脉硬化的外周血管表现,心脑血管不良事件在很大程度上影响着下肢动脉ASO患者的预后。因此,充分评估患者健康状况和预期生存时间,制定个性化治疗方案,尽可能地减轻治疗对心脑血管的影响,在不影响总体生存率的同时提高保肢率和通畅率,是血管外科医师应遵循的原则。随着腔内治疗技术的革新和高质量随机临床试验结果的发布,相信首选腔内治疗是大势所趋。但是,对于相对健康、年轻的患者,开放手术目前仍占有优势,尤其是在主髂动脉病变的治疗上。腔内技术的不断发展固然值得高兴,但这不应是ASO治疗的终点,对于ASO的基础研究还应受到充分重视。随着人类基因组测序技术的革新、生物医学分析技术的进步、大数据分析工具的出现,精准医疗时代已经到来,下肢动脉ASO患者群体的基因组序列大数据的获取、以及数据库的建立已有可能实现。基因治疗已不遥远,这或许是从根本上突破ASO的途径。
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(编辑: 王雪萍)
Arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities: current status and treatment prospect
ZHENG Yue-Hong*, LIAO Peng-Zhi
(Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China)
Angioplasty and perfusion of the distal limb is the key points of the treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities. The way of angioplasty includes open vascular operations and endovascular treatment. Endovascular treatment represents the high and new technology, which has gradually become the first choice of its treatment, even under some complex conditions. The endovascular treatment can achieve better clinical outcome and make less trauma. In this article, we reviewed the current situation and prospect of endovascular treatment for arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremity.
arteriosclerosis obliterans; endovascular treatment; balloon; stent
R543.5
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.03.038
2016−02−18
郑月宏, E-mail: yuehongzheng@yahoo.com